俄罗斯油画是世界油画艺术的一个重要组成部分，在世界美术史上占有独特而崇高的地位，与法国、意大利并称为三大油画国度。从公元九世纪直至今天，已历经千年历史。受拜占庭艺术的影响，十四、五世纪俄罗斯画家就创作了《三圣图》，从圣象画转向活生生的人。到十七、八世纪彼得大帝时期，俄罗斯油画开始摆脱宗教题材的束缚，而致力于表现现实，反映现实生活的人们喜怒哀乐。可以说，从沙皇彼得大帝全面引进西方文明后，才开始了真正意义上的俄罗斯油画。

Russian oil painting is an important part of the world oil painting art. It occupies a unique and noble position in the history of world art. It is called the three major oil painting countries together with France and Italy. From the ninth century to today, it has gone through a thousand years of history. Under the influence of Byzantine art, Russian painters in the 14th and 5th centuries created the "three holy paintings", which changed from holy elephant paintings to living people. In the period of Peter the great in the 17th and 8th centuries, Russian oil painting began to get rid of the shackles of religious themes and devote itself to expressing the reality and reflecting the joys, sorrows and joys of people in real life. It can be said that Russian oil painting in the real sense began after Czar Peter the great fully introduced western civilization.

十九世纪下半叶，由当时沙皇俄国彼得堡皇家美术学院的青年学生克拉姆斯柯依、列宾、列维坦、希施金等青年学生发起成立了“巡回展览画派”，每年定期在国内各地举办展览。他们以批判现实主义为创作方法和原则，打破了油画长期被学院派把持的局面，主张真实的描绘俄罗斯人民的历史、社会、生活和大自然，揭露沙俄黑暗的专制制度，展现俄罗斯的民族精神，他们历史性地提出艺术负有教育人民的社会责任，艺术家是社会活动家。要以油画的形式，关注描写自然之美，深刻反映客观现实生活，培育引导大众高尚的道德情操，对同时代的画家产生了重要的影响，把俄罗斯油画艺术推上了一个辉煌发展的新阶段。近年来，俄罗斯画坛涌现出现代派、抽象派、后现代等风格流派，如今俄罗斯油画正处于一个稳定发展阶段，一个重新回到现实主义发展阶段。

In the second half of the 19th century, the "roving exhibition school" was founded by young students such as kramskoy, Lebin, Leviathan and Shishkin of the Royal Academy of Fine Arts in Petersburg, czar Russia at that time, and exhibitions were held regularly throughout the country every year. Taking critical realism as the creative method and principle, they broke the situation that oil painting has been controlled by the Academy for a long time, advocated a true description of the history, society, life and nature of the Russian people, exposed the dark autocratic system of tsarist Russia, and displayed the Russian national spirit. They historically proposed that art has the social responsibility of educating the people, and artists are social activists. In the form of oil painting, we should pay attention to describing the beauty of nature, deeply reflect the objective real life, cultivate and guide the noble moral sentiment of the public, which has had an important impact on contemporary painters and pushed the Russian oil painting art to a new stage of brilliant development. In recent years, modern, abstract, postmodern and other style schools have emerged in the Russian painting world. Now Russian oil painting is in a stable development stage and returning to the realistic development stage.

第一阶段：俄罗斯油画以为宗教服务到为宫廷服务。

The first stage: Russian oil painting from serving religion to serving the court.

古俄罗斯接受了拜占庭的基督教为俄罗斯国教，这时期，油画主要为教会服务，教堂壁画和圣像画得到极大发展，俄罗斯最早的绘画大师安德列·鲁布廖夫（1360―1430）是俄罗斯最早的名画家。他技法纯熟，作品《三圣图》至今保存在莫斯科特烈恰柯夫画廊里1500多年了。

Ancient Russia accepted Byzantine Christianity as the state religion of Russia. During this period, oil painting mainly served the church, and church murals and icon paintings were greatly developed. Andre rubliov (1360-1430), the earliest painting master in Russia, was the earliest famous painter in Russia. He is proficient in techniques, and his work "three saints" has been preserved in trechakov Gallery in Moscow for more than 1500 years.

彼得大帝特别推崇油画艺术，派大批留学生去欧洲学习。到了叶卡捷琳娜二世，在1864年圣彼得堡开办了美术学防火墙。使得俄罗斯艺术教育获得了长足发展。至此有了莫斯科大学。18世纪由于当时歌颂帝国的功勋人物现实主义艺术的发展，肖像画备受重视，出现了忠实地描写人的个性特点的画家。列维茨基是十八世纪下半叶的肖像名画家，他画的《杰米多夫肖像》能够在庄重的贵族生活场合表现出人物的个性特点。

Peter the great especially praised the art of oil painting and sent a large number of foreign students to Europe to study. To yekaterina II, in 1864 St. Petersburg opened the firewall of fine arts. It has made great progress in Russian art education. So far, there is Moscow University. In the 18th century, due to the development of realistic art praising the meritorious figures of the Empire at that time, portrait painting attracted much attention, and there were painters who faithfully described people's personality characteristics. Levitsky was a famous portrait painter in the second half of the 18th century. His portrait of jamidov can show the personality characteristics of the characters in solemn aristocratic life occasions.

他的学生鲍罗维科夫斯基则更进一步在日常生活的普通环境中描写人，捕捉人面部的自然表情，尤其善于以柔和的色调表现人闲逸的姿势、安静而伤感的情绪。如他在1798年的作品《乔姆金娜肖像》，画家鲍罗维科夫斯基用柔和的色彩描绘了一位穿白色纱裙、佩戴珍珠等名贵饰品的年轻贵族女子，人物有一种娴静而柔美的内在气质。据相关资料介绍，画中人是历史显赫的叶卡捷琳娜二世和情人独眼将军格里高利的私生女。

His student borovikovsky further described people in the ordinary environment of daily life, captured the natural expression of people's faces, and was especially good at expressing people's leisurely posture and quiet and sad emotions in soft tones. For example, in his 1798 work "portrait of chomkina", the painter borovikovsky painted a young noble woman wearing white gauze skirt and precious jewelry such as pearls with soft colors. The characters have a quiet and gentle inner temperament. According to relevant information, the people in the painting are the illegitimate daughter of the famous yekaterina II and lover general Gregory.

第二阶段：以巡回展览画派的出现为代表，标志着俄罗斯油画进入到现实主义绘画阶段。

The second stage: represented by the emergence of touring exhibition painting school, it marks that Russian oil painting has entered the stage of realistic painting.

19世纪60年代世界民主运动高涨，对俄国绘画艺术的发展产生了决定性的影响。1863年，油画系的13各学生和雕塑系的1个学生因不满皇家美术学院的校规离开学院，单独组织起来，研究现实主义绘画艺术，并组成了彼得堡“自由美术家协会”。在1870年改组为“巡回展览派画家协会”。巡回展览画派集结了所有的进步美术家，每年举行定期的画展，在创作思想上与人民的现实生活和俄国民族历史有着密切的联系。六十至八十年代俄国最著名的画家大多属于这―派。“巡回画派”画家提倡面对现实，主张艺术要有思想性，绘画艺术应该参加改造现实生活的斗争。他们的绘画不但揭露和讽刺俄国统治阶级，表现城乡贫民的苦难生活，而且创造了―批为争取新生活而斗争的革命者形象。

The upsurge of the world democratic movement in the 1860s had a decisive impact on the development of Russian painting art. In 1863, 13 students from the oil painting department and one student from the sculpture department left the Royal Academy of fine arts because of dissatisfaction with the school rules of the Royal Academy of fine arts, organized independently to study realistic painting art, and formed the "free Artists Association" in Petersburg. In 1870, it was reorganized into the "association of itinerant exhibition painters". The roving exhibition school gathers all progressive artists and holds regular exhibitions every year. Its creative ideas are closely related to the people's real life and the Russian national history. Most of Russia's most famous painters in the 1960s and 1980s belonged to this school“ The "itinerant painting school" advocates facing reality, advocating that art should be ideological, and painting art should participate in the struggle to transform real life. Their paintings not only expose and satirize the Russian ruling class and show the suffering life of the urban and rural poor, but also create the images of a group of revolutionaries fighting for a new life.

克拉姆斯科伊是肖像画家和艺术理论家，“巡回画派”的思想领袖，他创作了―个俄国作家、画家和社会活动家画像的画廊：托尔斯泰、涅克拉索夫、谢德林、希施金等。他善于描绘人的内心情感和复杂心境。他的名画《列夫·托尔斯泰》等都以深沉的目光和真切的面部表情深刻地揭示了人物的心理状态，表现了人对社会的责任感和道德义务感。

Kramskoy is a portrait painter and art theorist, and the ideological leader of the "itinerant painting school". He created a gallery of portraits of Russian writers, painters and social activists: Tolstoy, Nekrasov, schedrin, Shishkin, etc. He is good at describing people's inner feelings and complex mood. His famous painting Lev Tolstoy deeply reveals the psychological state of the characters with deep eyes and real facial expressions, and shows people's sense of responsibility and moral obligation to society.

《伏尔加河上的纤夫》

Trackers on the Volga

列宾是俄罗斯最著名的现实主义画家，“巡回画派”的旗帜。他在历史画、肖像画等许多绘画体裁中都有所创新，但他创作的中心内容还是各式各样的人民生活：人民的劳动和斗争以及为人民自由而斗争的革命者。列宾的成名作是《伏尔加河上的纤夫》。油画揭示了沙皇俄国劳动人民的痛苦生活，表现出蕴藏在劳动人民内心的巨大力量。列宾的创作构成俄国绘画史的―个阶段，享有世界声誉。

Lebin is the most famous realistic painter in Russia and the flag of "itinerant painting school". He has made innovations in many painting genres such as historical painting and portrait painting, but the central content of his creation is all kinds of people's life: People's labor and struggle and revolutionaries fighting for people's freedom. Liebin's famous work is the trackers on the Volga River. The oil painting reveals the miserable life of the working people in czar Russia and shows the great power hidden in the hearts of the working people. Liebin's creation constitutes a stage in the history of Russian painting and enjoys a world reputation.

近卫军临刑前的早晨

The morning before the execution of the guards

“巡回画派”中的历史画家是苏里柯夫。他的画多反映俄国历史性冲突为特点，以壮观的群众场面见长。他的代表作品是《近卫军临刑前的早晨》。

The historical painter in the "touring school" is Surikov. His paintings mostly reflect the historical conflicts in Russia and are good at spectacular mass scenes. His representative work is the morning before the death of the guards.

《近卫军临刑前的早晨》

"The morning before the death of the guards"

十九世纪下半期还出现了俄罗斯的民族风景画派。主要画家有“巡回画派”成员希施金和列维坦。画家们不再描写苦难、穷困的俄国农村，而着力表现大自然的宏伟和壮丽、乡土的富饶和美好，在艺术技巧上也有新的进展，色彩也由单调而逐渐丰富。

In the second half of the 19th century, Russian national landscape painting school also appeared. The main painters are hischkin and Leviathan, members of the "itinerant painting school". Painters no longer describe the suffering and poverty-stricken Russian countryside, but focus on the grandeur and magnificence of nature and the richness and beauty of the countryside. They have also made new progress in artistic skills, and the color has gradually enriched from monotony.

《橡树林边》

By the Oak Grove

希施金善于描绘俄罗斯森林及伏尔加河畔景色，画风写实细腻，名作有《橡树林边》等。列维坦描绘自然景色时用笔洗练，色采鲜明，对后来俄罗斯风景画发展有较大影响。《弗拉基米尔大道》是列维坦的一幅名画。画家通过描绘押送革命者通往西伯利亚流放地的必经道路，对沙皇专制制度发出了抗议。

Hischkin is good at depicting the scenery of Russian forest and Volga River. His painting style is realistic and exquisite. His famous works include the edge of oak forest and so on. Leviathan painted the natural scenery with his pen and bright color, which had a great impact on the later development of Russian landscape painting《 Vladimir Avenue is a famous painting by Leviathan. The painter protested against the Czar's autocratic system by depicting the necessary road to escort revolutionaries to Siberian exiles.

第三阶段：从苏联十月革命至今。

The third stage: from the October Revolution of the Soviet Union to now.

十月革命之后，早期苏联以歌颂十月革命为主线，第二次世界大战，画家停下手中的画笔，投身到革命战争中，战争胜利后，学校恢复授课，1947年成立苏联最大的艺术创作和科研中心——苏联艺术科学院。1957年成立美术家协会，全国有20多所美术学院，最著名的是列宾美院（在圣彼得堡），是世界四大美院之一。苏里柯夫美院座落在莫斯科，闻名遐迩。约干松美术学院（列宾美院附中，中专学校）。

After the October Revolution, the early Soviet Union focused on praising the October Revolution. In the Second World War, painters stopped their brushes and devoted themselves to the revolutionary war. After the victory of the war, the school resumed teaching. In 1947, the Soviet Academy of Arts and Sciences, the largest art creation and scientific research center of the Soviet Union, was established. In 1957, the artists association was established. There are more than 20 art academies in China. The most famous is the Lebin Academy of Art (in St. Petersburg), which is one of the four major art academies in the world. Surikov Academy of fine arts is located in Moscow and is well-known. Yogansong Academy of Fine Arts (secondary school attached to leibin Academy of fine arts, technical secondary school).

列宾美院

Leibin Academy of Fine Arts

自1991年原苏联解体之后，艺术界经历了阵痛，体制的变化使艺术家感到迷茫，消沉。他们经历了学习西方的抽像主义、表现主义等，近些年主流又重新回到现实主义画派阶段。目前，人民画家302人，在世的70多人；功勋画家在世的有300多人。

Since the disintegration of the former Soviet Union in 1991, the art world has experienced pains. The changes of the system have made artists feel confused and depressed. They have experienced the study of Western iconicism and expressionism, and in recent years the mainstream has returned to the stage of realistic painting school. At present, there are 302 people's painters and more than 70 living people; There are more than 300 meritorious painters alive.

俄罗斯油画价值

Value of Russian oil painting

主要是看其学术价值和市场价值。首先要审视观赏其反映主题的大小，场面的恢宏繁杂与否，该作品在美术发展中所处的地位和所起的作用，尤其要看重其在美术史上的贡献度、观注度等。其次，才是油画为表达主题所采用的绘画形式和技法的准确性。最后，就是要看作者的社会知名度和影响力，以及未来艺术的发展潜力。当然，匠心独运的俄罗斯油画佳作，也不是尺幅越大越好，作者是要根据作品主题、场景等多方面因素来选择适合的尺幅创作。一幅油画作品接受认可的受众面，也是衡量其市场价值的重要方面。需求的人越多，流通的价值或者说市场价值就越大。

It mainly depends on its academic value and market value. First of all, we should examine the size of the theme, the grandeur and complexity of the scene, the position and role of the work in the development of art, especially its contribution and attention in the history of art. Secondly, it is the accuracy of the painting forms and techniques used by oil painting to express the theme. Finally, it depends on the author's social popularity and influence, as well as the development potential of art in the future. Of course, the ingenious Russian oil painting is not that the larger the scale, the better. The author should choose the appropriate scale creation according to the theme, scene and other factors. The accepted audience of an oil painting is also an important aspect to measure its market value. The more people demand, the greater the value of circulation or market value.

当今社会，经典的中外书画艺术品，其文化和历史价值日益凸显，尤其是其原创性、稀缺性和唯一性，使其经济价值越来越得到提升，被一些专业人士称为继股票、房地产之后，又一新的投资领域。从中外艺术品近些年的价格走势来看，越是高端、稀缺的艺术精品（包括俄罗斯油画），伴随着人们收入的提高和通货膨胀，需求也会越来越大，其价格也会越来越高。

In today's society, the cultural and historical value of classic Chinese and foreign calligraphy and painting works of art has become increasingly prominent, especially its originality, scarcity and uniqueness, which has promoted its economic value more and more. It is called another new investment field by some professionals after stocks and real estate. From the price trend of Chinese and foreign artworks in recent years, the more high-end and scarce Artworks (including Russian oil paintings), with the increase of people's income and inflation, the demand will be greater and greater, and the price will be higher and higher.

俄罗斯油画有着强烈的斯拉夫民族风格，在欧洲古典启蒙和民间艺术双重滋养下，经过漫长的历史，呈现出独特的民族油画语言风格和体系。我国建国后五十年代，美术教育、创作全面沿袭、学习前苏联模式，并前后派出几批留学生赴苏联列宾美术学院、苏里科夫美术学院等学习油画、雕塑等专业。同时，又在北京中央美术学院开办“油画培训班”，聘请苏联专家马克西莫夫执教，培养出冯法祀、靳尚谊、詹建俊等一批当代油画大师级的人物，使苏俄油画教育、教学理念、教育模式迅速在国内美术教育、教学和专业创作领域全面普遍推广。2015年，纪念世界反法西斯战争胜利70周年，中俄油画展高规格的在两国隆重举行，一幅幅场面雄伟、色彩凝重，人物神形之逼真、视觉冲击力之震憾的油画作品，令人叹为观止。

Russian oil painting has a strong Slavic national style. Under the dual nourishment of European classical enlightenment and folk art, after a long history, it presents a unique national oil painting language style and system. In the 1950s after the founding of the people's Republic of China, art education and creation comprehensively followed and studied the model of the former Soviet Union, and sent several groups of foreign students to study oil painting, sculpture and other majors in the Liebin Academy of fine arts and sulikov Academy of fine arts of the Soviet Union. At the same time, the "oil painting training course" was held at the Central Academy of Fine Arts in Beijing, and the Soviet expert Maximov was hired to teach. A number of contemporary oil painting masters such as Feng FASI, Jin Shangyi and Zhan Jianjun were trained, so that the Soviet Russian oil painting education, teaching concept and education model were rapidly and widely popularized in the fields of domestic art education, teaching and professional creation. In 2015, to commemorate the 70th anniversary of the victory of the world anti fascist war, the Sino Russian oil painting exhibition was grandly held in the two countries with high standards. The oil paintings with magnificent scenes, dignified colors, lifelike figures and shocking visual impact were amazing.