英国悲剧作家笔下的女性大部分都美丽善良

2021-09-02 10:42:07
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作者:秘书处Secretary's Office

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托马斯·哈代是19世纪后期英国杰出的文学家、诗人，他被誉为“现代诗歌之父”，哈代一生共创作和发表近20部长篇小说，代表作有《德伯家的苔丝》、《无名的裘德》等。

Thomas Hardy is an outstanding British writer and poet in the late 19th century. He is known as the "father of modern poetry". Hardy has created and published nearly 20 novels in his life, including Tess of the d'Urbervilles, Jude the unknown and so on.

尤其《德伯家的苔丝》这部作品，一度奠定了托马斯·哈代在英国乃至世界文学史上的位置，小说中的女主人公苔丝也成为最动人、最有魅力的小说作品中女性形象之一。这部作品也多次被改编成影视剧作，深受人们喜爱和欢迎。

In particular, Tess of the d'Urbervilles once established Thomas Hardy's position in the history of British and even world literature. Tess, the heroine in the novel, has also become one of the most moving and charming female images in the novel. This work has also been adapted into film and television plays for many times, which is deeply loved and welcomed by people.

1840年，托马斯·哈代出生在英国，哈代的父亲是一位砖瓦匠，喜好音乐，哈代的母亲也十分重视教育和知识，很喜欢讲民间故事，哈代是他们的长子，一定也会得到父亲、母亲来自知识方面的熏陶。8岁时，哈代开始在一所国立学校读书，16岁，结束学习生涯，在一个建筑师那里当学徒，20岁，在一家建筑师事务所担任助手。

Thomas Hardy was born in England in 1840. Hardy's father was a bricklayer and liked music. Hardy's mother also attached great importance to education and knowledge and liked telling folk stories. Hardy, their eldest son, will also be influenced by his father and mother's knowledge. At the age of 8, hardy began to study in a national school. At the age of 16, he ended his career as an apprentice to an architect. At the age of 20, he worked as an assistant in an architectural firm.

22岁时，哈代前往伦敦，依旧从事建筑工作，他的论文还得到了英国皇家建筑师学院银质奖章。哈代的第一篇文学作品，也与建筑有关，是一篇小品文《我的建房经历》，后来，哈代决定以写作为生，开始陆续创作小说，1868年，他的第一部小说问世，名字叫《穷汉与淑女》。

At the age of 22, hardy went to London and still engaged in architecture. His thesis also won the silver medal of the Royal Institute of architects. Hardy's first literary work was also related to architecture. It was a short article "my building experience". Later, hardy decided to write for a living and began to write novels one after another. In 1868, his first novel came out, called poor men and ladies.

1891年，《德伯家的苔丝》出版，当时哈代51岁，这部小说让他成为当时最受关注的作家。小说讲述了女主人公苔丝——一个家境贫寒的农村少女，她善良美丽、勤劳朴实，她在地主庄园帮工时，被少爷亚雷·德伯侮辱，产下一个孩子。孩子病死后，她去一家牛奶场当女工，和教师的儿子相恋。新婚之夜，她向丈夫坦白了自己的过去，两人分居，丈夫后来远走他乡、杳无音信，几年后，苔丝再次与亚雷·德伯相遇，后者继续纠缠她，而他的丈夫也从国外回来，向她表示悔恨自己当年的冷酷无情，苔丝觉得这一切痛苦的根源，都因为亚雷，她杀死了亚雷，最后被捕被处以绞刑。苔丝的命运是可悲的，哈代在这部小说中，有力的抨击了当时维多利亚时代的男权制社会，以及生活在这种社会中的女性被压迫、被控制的命运。

In 1891, Tess of the d'Urbervilles was published. Hardy was 51 years old at that time. This novel made him the most concerned writer at that time. The novel tells the heroine Tess, a poor rural girl. She is kind, beautiful, hardworking and simple. When she helped in the landlord's manor, she was insulted by young master yare Deber and gave birth to a child. After the child died, she went to a dairy as a female worker and fell in love with the teacher's son. On the wedding night, she confessed her past to her husband. The two separated. Her husband later went away and didn't hear from her. A few years later, Tess met Alec Deber again. The latter continued to pester her, and her husband came back from abroad and expressed regret for her ruthlessness. Tess felt that the root of all this pain was Alec. She killed Alec, He was finally arrested and hanged. Tess's fate is sad. In this novel, hardy strongly attacked the Victorian patriarchal society and the oppressed and controlled fate of women living in this society.

哈代的作品中，塑造了很多个性迥异、生动鲜明的女性角色，除了苔丝，还有《无名的裘德》中的淑，《还乡》中的游苔莎，这些女性几乎都是平凡人物，并且大部分来自乡村，身上带有浓厚淳朴的乡土气息。哈代小时候，女孩子们经常让他帮忙代写情书，所以他对女孩的心思和内心洞察的十分深入，他对女性的心理、性格和情感十分了解。因此在刻画人物时，他也能掌握的很好，我们得以看到一个个个性鲜明的女性形象。哈代笔下的女性，大多淳朴善良、热爱生活，具有极高的品德，但是她们的人生却大多都有着悲剧色彩，这与那个时代分不开。

In Hardy's works, many vivid and distinct female characters with different personalities are created. In addition to Tess, Shu in Jude the obscure and youtessa in return for home. These women are almost ordinary characters, and most of them come from the countryside with a strong simple local flavor. When Hardy was a child, girls often asked him to help write love letters, so he had a deep insight into girls' thoughts and hearts, and he knew women's psychology, character and emotion very well. Therefore, when depicting characters, he can also master very well, and we can see distinctive female images. Most of the women in Hardy's works are simple and kind, love life and have high moral character, but most of their lives are tragic, which is inseparable from that era.

哈代所处的时代是一个动荡不堪的时代，早期维多利亚传统价值观和道德观面临严峻的考验，甚至面临崩溃，工业文明迅速崛起，农村人口成千上万涌入城市，社会经济正在突变，哈代的家乡也受到了猛烈冲击，农村正在逐渐走向毁灭，农民阶级逐渐瓦解，从农民遭受的不幸中，哈代看到资本主义的残酷和自私的本质，在他众多小说中，都可以看到他的质疑和反叛。

Hardy lived in a turbulent era. The early Victorian traditional values and morality faced severe tests and even collapse. Industrial civilization rose rapidly, thousands of rural people poured into cities, and the social economy was undergoing sudden changes. Hardy's hometown was also severely impacted. The countryside was gradually going to destruction and the peasant class was gradually disintegrating, From the misfortunes suffered by farmers, hardy saw the cruel and selfish nature of capitalism, and his questioning and rebellion can be seen in many of his novels.

1928年1月11日，哈代去世，享年88岁，今天是哈代逝世93周年纪念日，让我们用十句哈代的名言，来纪念这位伟大的作家。

On January 11, 1928, hardy died at the age of 88. Today is the 93rd anniversary of Hardy's death. Let's commemorate this great writer with ten famous words of Hardy.