三大转变：“家校合作”再认识

　　【论教】

　　“家校合作”的定位可谓五花八门。其中模糊定位、降格定位、错误定位，不一而足，莫衷一是。笔者认为“家校合作”的定位，绝不仅仅是加强家庭教育的一项措施，要有更高的站位，“家校合作”应当是：教育思想、培养模式、学校制度的三个根本性转变。

　　教育的全部不只是学校教育

　　——教育思想从小到大的转变

　　“家校合作”，首先是教育思想的转变，是教育思想“小”与“大”的转变，“传统”与“现代”的转变。“大”与“小”的观念是指我们对教育的看法，到底是大教育观念还是小教育观念。以往没有实施“家校合作”，是因为小教育观念在我们的头脑中占据着主导地位，认为教育就是学校教育，学校教育就是教育的全部。但作为现代教育工作者，一定要有现代教育观念。现代教育观念，应该是一个大教育观念，应该包括学校教育、家庭教育、社会教育。如果只看到学校教育，或者认为教育就是学校教育，那就是小教育观念，或者说是一个传统教育观念，不是现代教育观念。教育思想“小”与“大”的转变，也就是“传统教育思想”与“现代教育思想”的转变。

　　出现“小教育观念”，客观上有一个体制的原因。国务院在部委分工中，将家庭教育划归全国妇联主管。但在实践中，很多中小学已经突破了体制障碍，建立了家长学校，迈出“大教育观念的一步”。1996年，全国妇联与当时的国家教委联合颁布第一个家庭教育五年计划，即“九五”计划，体现了教育主管部门承担起主导学校教育与家庭教育相结合的“主角意识”。近年来，“异军突起”的“家校合作”实验，更是开创了“现代教育思想的创新探索”。

　　2015年，教育部面向教育系统颁布《关于加强家庭教育工作的指导意见》，做出了将指导家庭教育工作正式列入教育系统工作序列的重要决策，明确“各地教育部门要切实加强对行政区域内中小学幼儿园家庭教育工作的指导”“强化学校家庭教育工作指导”。这是彰显现代教育思想的一个标志性文件。

　　家校合作不只是加强家庭教育

　　——培养模式组成内容的转变

　　党的十九大重申了教育改革发展的总体战略——“加快教育现代化”和“发展素质教育”。前者是《国家中长期教育改革和发展规划纲要》确定的到2020年教育发展的战略目标，后者是《教育规划纲要》明确的教育工作的战略主题。“两个战略”是教育工作者要牢记的使命，方向是实现教育现代化，路径是素质教育这个全新的育人模式。

　　当下教育关注什么？一是课程改革，二是培养模式。课程改革与培养模式，二者实际上是一回事，都是育人的要害问题。

　　在课程改革上，2012年教育部启动了收回地方编写权、统一编写义务教育道德与法治、语文、历史三科教材工程，历时5年，于2017年秋季全国使用。2018年1月，教育部又颁布普通高中课程方案和14门课程标准，决定当年秋季学期执行。可以说，教育部又完成了新一轮小学到高中的课程和教材改革。

　　在培养模式上，2017年9月中共中央办公厅、国务院办公厅印发《关于深化教育体制机制改革的意见》指出，要系统推进育人方式、办学模式等改革，使教育更加符合教育规律、更加符合人才成长规律、更能促进人的全面发展。《意见》明确而具体地提出，加强学校教育、家庭教育、社会教育的有机结合，构建各级党政机关、社会团体、企事业单位及街道、社区、镇村、家庭共同育人的格局。

　　2010年《国家中长期教育改革和发展规划纲要》提出6大改革。“改革”思路有重大变化，其中主要是改革“路径”的变化。以往体制改革的“路径”是：以管理体制改革为核心，深化教育体制的改革，而《教育规划纲要》将“路径”变化为：以人才培养体制改革为核心，深化教育体制改革。人才培养体制改革，成为中国教育六大改革的第一改革。

　　基于此，笔者认为：首先，“家校合作”本义上应当是一个研究人的培养模式转变的重大课题，是一个人才培养体制改革的创新探索，绝不仅仅是加强家庭教育的一个措施。“家校合作”的研究，包括今后的“家庭学校社会合作”，可以为构建中国基础教育“全新的育人模式”贡献智慧和方案。其次，中国教育培养模式是“素质教育”模式，这一“全新的育人模式”是国家政策。不管“未来教育”如何变化，国家政策是绕不过去的。“家校合作”，准确的定位应当是“素质教育”培养模式的组成内容之一。因此，“家校合作”应当具有和体现“素质教育”的理念与特征。

　　走向“家、校、社合作”

　　——学校制度现代化的转变

　　本世纪初，教育部提出中小学建立现代学校制度。“社会参与”“三教结合”作为现代学校制度的主要特征和核心要义被提出。学校教育、家庭教育、社会教育三结合的培养模式成为现代学校制度的主要特征和必备条件。

　　传统的只注重学校教育的单一教育模式，已经不能适应新的人才培养需求和教育追求，迟早要被淘汰。一所优秀小学的发展规划中如果没有“家庭教育”，只能是一所优秀的传统小学，称不上优秀的现代小学。

　　2012年3月教育部颁布《关于中小学幼儿园建立家长委员会的指导意见》，指出这是建立现代学校制度的需要。家长委员会，是借鉴西方的。家长学校，是本土自创的。至少从2012年起，“家校合作”发展为不仅是家长学校单一内容，而且拓展为包括“家长委员会”在内的内涵更丰富、质量更高的育人方式。

　　需要指出的是，同是重视家庭教育，但是教育部与全国妇联的出发点与落脚点颇有不同。全国妇联因工作领域、职责所系，它是从家庭建设的角度关注家庭教育，落脚点是家庭教育的成效可以促进家庭文明建设，家庭文明的成果又可以感染儿童、教育儿童、培养儿童，达到家庭教育的目的。但教育部则是以现代教育思想为指导，从人的教育培养角度，关注家庭教育，建构学校教育、家庭教育、社会教育三结合育人模式。因此，“家校合作”包括“家庭学校社会合作”，不研究“家庭为本”或“社区为本”的模式，而是以学校为主导。

　　我们要研究和建立现代学校制度，探索和构建以学校为主导的“学校教育、家庭教育、社会教育三结合”的育人模式，指导促进孩子的全面发展。

　　笔者认为，今后“家校合作”最终要走向“学校、家庭、社会（社区）共育”的培养模式。当前，我国“社会参与”“三教结合”的模式大都是处于“家校合作”，这是我国人才培养体制改革的阶段性特征。当前世界教育开始从“家校合作”走向“家、校、社合作”。据了解，美国已成立“学校、家庭、社会（社区）合作委员会”，开展“家、校、社合作”教育的研究。我国2007年5月颁布的“家庭教育十一五规划”，已将主管“社区”事务的民政部联合为“规划”的责任部委，这为教育培养模式从“家校合作”走向“家、校、社合作”创造了一定的条件。

来源：凤凰

Three changes: "home school cooperation" again

The position of "home school cooperation" is different. The fuzzy positioning, positioning, positioning error reduced, this is not the only one, unable to agree on which is right. I believe that the orientation of home school cooperation is not only a measure to strengthen family education, but also a higher standing. "Home school cooperation" should be three fundamental transformations: educational thought, training mode and school system.

All education is not just school education

The transformation of educational thought from small to large

"Home school cooperation", first of all, is the transformation of educational thought, the transformation of "small" and "big" in educational thought, and the transformation of "tradition" and "modern". The concept of "big" and "small" refers to our views on education, in the end is the concept of big education or the concept of small education. In the past, there was no implementation of home school cooperation, because the concept of small education occupies a leading position in our mind, and education is school education. School education is all about education. However, as a modern educator, we must have a modern educational concept. The concept of modern education should be a big idea of education, which should include school education, family education and social education. If we only see school education, or think that education is school education, that is a concept of small education, or a traditional educational concept, not a modern educational concept. The transformation of "small" and "big" in educational thought is the change of "traditional education thought" and "modern educational thought".

There is a "small education concept", and there is an objective reason for the system. In the division of labor between the ministries and commissions, the State Council assigned family education to the head of the National Women's Federation. But in practice, many primary and secondary schools have broken through the institutional barriers, set up a parent school and take a step of "the idea of big education". In 1996, the National Women's Federation and the then State Education Commission jointly promulgated the first family education five year plan, the 95 plan, which reflects the leading role of education authorities in leading the combination of school education and family education. In recent years, the "home school cooperation" experiment has created a "innovative exploration of modern educational thought".

In 2015, the Ministry of education for the education system promulgated the "guidance" on the strengthening of the family education work, made an important decision to guide family education was officially included in the work sequence of the education system, clear education departments should strengthen the administrative area of nursery school family education guidance "and" strengthening the school family education guidance". This is a landmark document showing the idea of modern education.

Home school cooperation is not only a way of strengthening family education

The transformation of the content of the training pattern

The nineteen Congress of the party reaffirmed the overall strategy of educational reform and development - "speed up education modernization" and "develop quality education". The former is the strategic goal of education development determined by the outline of the national medium and long term educational reform and development plan to 2020, and the latter is the strategic theme of education plan explicitly defined in the outline of education plan. The "two strategy" is the mission that the educators should keep in mind, the direction is to realize the modernization of education, and the path is the brand - new education model of quality education.

What is the focus of education at the moment? One is the curriculum reform, and the two is the training mode. Curriculum reform and training mode, the two are actually one thing, and all are the key problems of educating people.

In the course of reform, the Ministry of education in 2012 started to recover the local write right, prepare a unified compulsory education, morality and law, Chinese history textbook three project, which lasted 5 years, the use of the country in the autumn of 2017. In January 2018, the Ministry of education also promulgated the general high school curriculum and 14 curriculum standards, and decided to carry out the autumn semester. It can be said that the Ministry of education has completed a new round of curriculum and teaching material reform in primary school to high school.

In the training mode, September 2017 General Office of the CPC Central Committee, the State Council issued "on deepening reform of the education system and mechanism of the opinions" pointed out that to promote system educational mode, education mode reform, make education more in line with the law of education, more in line with the law and talent growth can promote the all-round development of people. The opinions clearly and specifically put forward that we should strengthen the organic combination of school education, family education and social education, and build a pattern of educating people at all levels, including party and government organs, social organizations, enterprises and institutions, and streets, communities, towns, villages and families.

In 2010, the outline of the national medium and long term education reform and development plan put forward 6 major reforms. There is a major change in the "reform" idea, which is mainly the change of the "path" of reform. In the past, the path of system reform is to deepen the reform of educational system based on the reform of management system, and the outline of education plan changes the path to take the reform of personnel training system as the core and deepen the reform of educational system. The reform of the personnel training system has become the first reform of the six major reforms in China's education.

Based on this, the author thinks: first, the original meaning of "home school cooperation" should be a major task of studying the transformation of human training mode, and an innovative exploration of personnel training system reform, which is not only a measure to strengthen family education. The research of home school cooperation, including the family school social cooperation in the future, can contribute to the construction of the new educational mode of China's basic education. Secondly, the mode of education and training in China is the "quality education" model, and this "new model of educating people" is a national policy. No matter how the "future education" changes,

It's not going to go around. "Home school cooperation", the accurate positioning should be one of the components of the "quality education" training model. Therefore, "home school cooperation" should have and reflect the concept and characteristics of "quality education".

Go to "home, school, social cooperation"

The transformation of the modernization of the school system

At the beginning of this century, the Ministry of education proposed the establishment of a modern school system in primary and secondary schools. "Social participation" and "three combination" as the main features of the modern school system and the core essence is put forward. The training mode of three combination of school education, family education and social education has become the main characteristic and essential condition of the modern school system.

The traditional single education mode, which only pays attention to the school education, can not meet the needs of the new talent training and the educational pursuit, and will be eliminated sooner or later. If there is no "family education" in the development plan of an excellent primary school, it can only be an excellent traditional primary school, which is not known as the excellent modern primary school.

In March 2012, the Ministry of Education promulgated the guidance on the establishment of parents' Committee for primary and middle school kindergartens, pointing out that this is the need for the establishment of a modern school system. The parents' committee is a reference to the West.  Parents' schools are indigenous to themselves. At least from 2012, the development of home school cooperation is not only a single content of parents school, but also a more meaningful and high-quality way of educating people, including the parent committee.

It is necessary to point out that the same emphasis on family education is the same, but the starting point of the Ministry of education and the National Women's Federation (MWF) are quite different from that of their foothold. The National Women's Federation, for the areas of work, duties, it is attention from the perspective of the construction of family family education, family education goal is to effect can promote the construction of family civilization, civilization and family can be infected and educating children, foster children, achieve the purpose of family education. But the Ministry of education is guided by modern educational thoughts, focusing on family education from the perspective of people's education and training, and constructing three combinations of school education, family education and social education.  Therefore, "home school cooperation" includes family school social cooperation, instead of family centered or community based mode, but school led.

We should research and establish modern school system, explore and build a school led educational mode of "three combinations of school education, family education and social education" to guide children's all-round development.

The author believes that the "home school cooperation" will eventually lead to the training mode of "school, family, community (community) Co breeding".  At present, China's "social participation" and "three combination" mode is mostly in the "home school cooperation", which is the characteristics of China's personnel training reform. At present, the world education begins from "home school cooperation" to "family, school and social cooperation". It is understood that the United States has established the "school, family, community (community) cooperation committee" to carry out the study of "family, school and social cooperation" education. The "family education 11th Five-Year plan", promulgated in May 2007, has jointly organized the Ministry of civil affairs, which is in charge of "community affairs", as the responsible department of "planning", which has created certain conditions for education and training mode from "home school cooperation" to "home, school and social cooperation".