假期补习如何真正降温

浇灭“影子教育”的虚火，需要阻断家长焦虑的“剧场效应”，还必须依靠进一步推进教育改革

寒假到了，各类校外培训机构又开始火了。有报告显示，在北京、上海、广州等一线城市，参加课外辅导的中小学生，占到在校生总数的70%左右。课外要补课、放假不放松，已经成为当下很多家庭在孩子教育上的选择。

在庞大需求的推动下，中小学课外辅导行业已是一个体量巨大的市场，有人将其称为“影子教育”市场。根据中国教育学会2016年底发布的调查报告，当年中小学辅导教育行业市场规模超过8000亿元，参加学生规模超过1.37亿人次。而在另一份调查报告里，在为补习“埋单”的家庭中，一半以上的花费为2000—10000元，更有13.7%的家庭每年花费达2万元以上。有家长表示，为孩子找校外补习，花钱又费力，实际上是在为自己的焦虑买单。

“影子教育”在满足学生家长多样化、个性化教育需求上，确实发挥了一定的正向作用。然而，“影子教育”生产的“牛娃”不仅对其他孩子造成了压力，还影响到正规学校的教学进度。笔者同事就曾遭遇这样的无奈：孩子刚入小学没几天，班上老师就来电，“赶快给你家孩子报个英语辅导班吧，否则跟不上进度！”原来班上大多数学生已被课外辅导喂得半饱，老师不得不调整教学进度、适当增加难度。这并非个案，面对同一班级不同学业水平的学生，已有不少学校开始尝试“走班”等方式开展分层教学，提高授课的针对性和精准度。

应该看到，“影子教育”的产生，与优质教育资源的供需不平衡有关，也与以成绩和考试为指挥棒的应试教育相关。但父母或许也可以有更合理的“教育观”，教育并非一种简单的投资，并不仅仅是为了获得与投入等值甚至超值的经济社会地位。如果家长过分执着于教育的“收益率”，对孩子的品德涵养、心理健康、生活体验自然会有所分心，家庭本应承担的人格与美育教育将被功利教育污染。

有学者把教育的价值分为本质价值和工具价值。前者关注人的发展和培养，后者强调教育的选拔和甄别。主流的学校教育应注重学生的全面发展，尽量防止考试竞争变成决定一切的“指挥棒”。而“影子教育”的风生水起，家长孩子的趋之若鹜，似有喧宾夺主之势，会反过来让一些中小学用更高强度的考试训练，强化选拔教育的工具价值，助长唯分数论的不良教风和学风。

再往深层次看，“影子教育”的虚火，也人为加剧了教育的不平衡。“影子教育”的市场化逻辑，势必将收入水平不高的家庭挡在门外。近些年，在各级政府的不断努力下，城乡、校际义务教育的差距正在逐步缩小。而愈演愈烈的“影子教育”，却促使更多教育资源向大中城市和经济能力较强家庭的学生聚集，造成了新的教育不公，也削弱了政府在推进教育公平上的成效。

浇灭“影子教育”的虚火，需要阻断家长焦虑的“剧场效应”。所谓“剧场效应”，即看戏时前排起立，后排就会被迫起立。而要防止这样的连锁反应，归根结底责任还在学校这个教育主体上。我们的教育部门和学校必须加快教育改革的进程，使得教育“剧场”中不只有一块屏幕，将思想品德、学业水平、艺术素养和社会实践能力纳入综合素质评价，让教育真正回归到育人育德的本质属性上。

来源：人民网

How to really cool the holiday tutorial

The fire extinguished "shadow education", "parents need to block anxiety theater effect, also must rely on further promoting the educational reform

When the winter holiday arrived, all kinds of outside school training institutions began to fire again. Reports show that in Beijing, Shanghai, Guangzhou and other first-line cities, primary and secondary school students taking part in extracurricular tutoring account for about 70% of the total number of students. It has become a choice for many families in the children's education to make up the class after class.

Under the impetus of huge demand, the extracurricular tutoring industry in primary and secondary schools has been a huge market, which is called "shadow education" market. According to the survey released by the China Education Association at the end of 2016, the market size of primary and secondary school counseling and education industry was over 800 billion yuan in that year, and the student scale was over 137 million. In another research report, more than half of the families who paid for the study were 2000 to 10000 yuan, and 13.7% of the families spent more than 20 thousand yuan a year. Some parents say it is actually paying for their own anxiety to find out for their children.

"Shadow education" has played a positive role in meeting the diversity and individualized education needs of the students' parents. However, the "cow baby" produced by "shadow education" not only caused pressure on other children, but also affected the teaching progress of regular schools. My colleagues had encountered such a helplessness: children just entered primary school for a few days, the class teacher called, "hurry up to your children's English tutorial class, otherwise it can't keep up with schedule."  Most of the students in the class had been fed half full after extra class guidance. The teacher had to adjust the teaching schedule and increase the difficulty. This is not a case. Faced with the same class, students with different academic level, many schools began to try "walking class" and other ways to carry out hierarchical teaching, improving the pertinence and accuracy of teaching.

It should be noted that the emergence of "shadow education" is related to the imbalance between supply and demand of high-quality educational resources, and is also related to exam oriented education with performance and examination as baton. But parents may also have a more reasonable "education view". Education is not a simple investment, not just to get equal or even super value economic and social status. If parents are too persistent in the yield rate of education, they will be distracted from their moral character, mental health and life experience. The family's personality and aesthetic education will be polluted by utilitarian education.

Some scholars divide the value of education into the essential value and the tool value. The former pays attention to the development and cultivation of people, while the latter emphasizes the selection and selection of education.  The mainstream school education should pay attention to the overall development of the students, and try to prevent the examination competition from becoming the "baton" that determines everything. "Shadow education" fast, the parents of the children in droves, like there is overwhelming potential, will in turn make some primary and middle schools with higher intensity examination training, strengthen the selection of education tool value, contributing to the poor scores on the teaching and learning atmosphere.

Go back to the deep level, the "shadow education" fire, also exacerbate the imbalance of education. The marketing logic of "shadow education" is bound to keep the families with low income levels out of the door. In recent years, with the continuous efforts of governments at all levels, the gap between urban and rural compulsory education is gradually narrowing. The increasingly intense "shadow education" has prompted more educational resources to gather into large and medium-sized cities and economically strong families, resulting in new educational injustice, and also weakening the government's effectiveness in promoting educational equity.

The fire extinguished "shadow education", theater effects needed to block the anxiety of parents "". The so-called "theatre effect", that is, when the front row of the theatre rises, the back row will be forced to stand up. In order to prevent such a chain reaction, in the final analysis, the responsibility is still on the subject of the school. Our education departments and schools must speed up the process of educational reform, the education of "theater" is not only a screen, the ideological and moral, academic level, artistic accomplishment and the ability of social practice into the comprehensive quality evaluation, make education return to the true essence of education of moral education