高校更名趋势调查 至少有65所高校去掉“职业”二字

职教视野

高校更名去“职业”趋势调查

迄今至少有65所高校去掉“职业”二字

看上去，又一轮高校改名的浪潮呼之欲出。

1月20日，教育部官方网站上发布了发展规划司《关于2017年度申报设置列入专家考察高等学校的公示》，46所高校入选该份名单，其中包括21所“新设本科学校”、16所“更名大学”、6所“独立学院转设为独立设置民办本科学校”和3所“同层次更名”的学校。

引人瞩目的是，在21所“新设本科学校”中，有16所学校的“建校基础(即拟更改前的现有校名——记者注)”中包括“职业”或“职业技术”字样，其“申请建校名称(即拟改成的新校名——记者注)”中，将“职业”或“职业技术”抹去。

大学校名是学校的招牌，是学校对外的“名片”，也是承载其历史传统、文化理念、精神气质、品牌形象的最重要的载体之一。根据现行的《普通本科学校设置暂行规定》，高校实行一校一名制，为了有更心仪的“名头”，部分高校似乎已经决定不再“行不更名，坐不改姓”。

中国青年报·中青在线记者收集到10多年来高校更名的消息，试图去找寻其规律。

高校更名四大动向

中国青年报·中青在线记者查询相关高校更名的信息发现，在上世纪末高校大合并的浪潮期间，校名大多是“大鱼吃小鱼”，另有一部分推出了全新的校名。而进入新世纪后，中国高校的改名则出现了几个主要动向：

一是，将涉及的地域越改越大。较为典型的案例是，1978年，“泸州医学院”由原校名“泸州医学专科学校”更名而来，2015年，该校更名为“四川医科大学”，同年年底，再度更名为“西南医科大学”。

二是，改变学校的性质类别。实现了高等专科学校——学院——大学的更迭，看上去“办学层次”越来越“高端”，这种情形最为普遍。

三是，界定学科类型的用词越来越时尚、综合。比如，用“金融”取代“财政税务”，用“工学院”取代“机电”，用“交通”取代“铁道”“铁路”，用“工程”取代“地质”，用“科技”取代“钢铁”，用“工程”取代“地质”，等等。

四是，摘掉“职业”的帽子。去掉校名中的“职业”或“职业技术”字样。中国青年报·中青在线记者根据公开信息进行汇总统计后发现，迄今至少有65所高校已完成了上述第四种情形的更名，而这一数据并不包括前述刚公示的、极有可能最终完成更名的16所。

根据中国青年报·中青在线记者所掌握的信息，早在2005年3月，就有学校试水“校名去‘职业’化”。当时，西北地区的一所民办高校，将校名由8个字压缩为6个字，去掉的两个字便是“职业”。当年5月，同城的另一所民办高校，也成功地完成了同样的选择。

他们当时的选择看上去显得“前卫”也“富于远见”。在那个时段，职业教育方兴未艾，尚有不少学校将校名中加入“职业”或者“职业技术”字样。

比如，2008年，教育部教发函〔2008〕165号文同意对9所高等职业技术学校予以备案。其中的4所学校，原来的校名中并没有“职业”或“职业技术”字样，新校名中添了上去；另5所新建的学校，启用的校名中都有“职业”字样。

但是，总体上看，已经入围高等教育的学校中，“校名去‘职业’化”趋势显得更为常见，很多学校都热衷于这样“做减法”。

2008年，第一波高潮袭来。当年，至少有12所高校将校名中的“职业”或“职业技术”字样挪走。而这些高校在更名后，均升为民办本科。其中的一所，名列几天前教育部发布的“列入专家考察”的“同层次更名”名单之中，换言之，该校致力于再度改名。

此后的2010年，1所公办高校将校名去掉了“职业”，也罕见地出现了同时将“大学”改为了“学院”。

2011年，迎来第二波高潮。当年，18所学校将校名中的“职业”或“职业技术”字样“抠掉”。和前述情形一样，这些学校改名后均为本科层次的民办普通高校。

2012年，又有1所学校成功仿效。

2014年，出现了第三波也是迄今为止最大的一波高潮。当年，24所学校在校名中“摘掉”了“职业”或“职业技术”的“帽子”。和前几次一样， 24所学校在更名后系本科层次的民办普通高校。

2015年，华南地区的两所高校达到了同样的目标；同年，公办的一所职业技术学院升格为普通本科高校，并改名为某特殊教育师范学院，同样去掉了“职业”字样。

此后，成功走出这条路的高校并不太多：2016年，位于华北的一所高校抹掉了校名中的“职业技术”字样；2017年，某公办的职业学院升格为本科层次，并去掉了校名中的“职业”字样。

如果教育部最新公示的名单中的10多所学校能如愿以偿，这将是一年内有超过10所高校校名“去‘职业’化”的第四个年份。

记者发现，并非所有高校都会选择“做‘职业’减法”。比如，2009年，2所高等职业学校同层次更名；2010年，12所高等职业学校同层次更名；2011年，2所高等职业学校合并、14所高等职业学校同层次更名，他们在改名时都保留了原有的“职业”或“职业技术”字样。

此间，也曾出现过大学在校名中添加上“职业”字样的情况，不过，该做法异常罕见。记者仅仅查询到天津工程师范学院更名为天津职业技术师范大学一个案例——当然，由中专、中职等“中等学校”改为属于高等教育范畴的“高等专科学校”或“学院”不在此列，它们在改名前并非高校。

总体上看，在校名中去掉“职业”字样的高校不在少数，已成为值得关注的新现象。在有的学校心目中，这和“水往低处流、人往高处走”一样，无可置疑。

除了争取获得官方文件同意后改名，还有高校(公办或民办——编者注)更为隐秘地干着殊途同归的事：在对外宣传时所使用的校名，有意无意地“忽略”掉“职业”或者“职业技术”字样。

校名决定了层次？

高校更名时为何频频选择去掉“职业”两个字？中国青年报·中青在线记者注意到，校名并不单是一个名称，其中的每个字眼，都可能为学校带来不同的社会评价。

看来，校名“大有讲究”，使用不同的字眼，往往会被部分人士贴上意味深长的标签。

比如，普通本科学校的名称，分为“学院”和“大学”。根据现行规则，称为学院的，全日制在校生规模应在5000人以上。称为大学的，全日制在校生规模应在8000人以上，在校研究生数不低于全日制在校生总数的5%。

在学科与专业方面，称为学院的，应该在人文学科(哲学、文学、历史学)、社会学科(经济学、法学、教育学)、理学、工学、农学、医学、管理学等学科门类中，拥有1个以上学科门类作为主要学科；而称为大学的，应拥有3个以上学科门类作为主要学科。

在师资队伍方面，称为学院的在建校初期专任教师总数不少于280人。专任教师中具有研究生学历的教师数占专任教师总数的比例应不低于30%，具有副高级专业技术职务以上的专任教师人数一般应不低于专任教师总数的30%，其中具有正教授职务的专任教师应不少于10人。称为大学的专任教师中具有研究生学位的人员比例一般应达到50%以上，其中具有博士学位的专任教师占专任教师总数的比例一般应达到20%以上；具有高级专业技术职务的专任教师数一般应不低于400人，其中具有正教授职务的专任教师一般应不低于100人。

此外，在教学与科研水平方面，称为大学的，要求也相对更高。

但是，是否升为本科院校时就必然应该去掉“职业”或“职业技术”等字眼？记者并未查询到这方面的规定。在现行《高等职业学校设置标准(暂行)》中，也完全没有这方面的内容。

毫无疑问，社会上，一部分人对有着“职业”字眼的学校，或许存在一些偏见。但在职业教育越来越受到重视、职业教育创下极高的就业率和口碑的背景下，一所本科层次的学校，有没有“职业”之名，真有想象的那么重要吗？

来源:人民网

There are at least 65 colleges and universities to remove the two word "career"

Visual field of Vocational Education

A survey on the trend of renaming "career" in Colleges and Universities

At least 65 colleges have so far removed the two word "career"

It looks like another wave of University renaming is coming out.

In January 20th, the official website of the Ministry of Education issued the development planning department "on the 2017 annual reporting set included in the expert review of higher public schools", 46 universities selected in the list, including 21 "new undergraduate schools", 16 ", 6" University was renamed "the independent institute to set up an independent set private undergraduate schools" and 3 "with the level of the school was renamed".

Notably, in the 21 "new undergraduate schools", the foundation has 16 schools "(i.e., quasi existing names before the change - reporters note)" which includes the words "occupation" or "occupation technology", its name the "application (that is to be replaced by the new name the reporter note)", "occupation" or "occupation".

University name is school sign, is the school's external "name card", one of the most important carrier is carrying its historical tradition, culture, spirit and brand image. According to the current "ordinary undergraduate schools set up Interim Provisions", the implementation of a system of a school, in order to have a favorite "title", some universities seem to have decided to no longer "line does not change the name, no sit".

Daily - Youth Online reporter collected more than 10 years of college was renamed news youth China, trying to find the law.

Four trend of College renaming

China youth - Youth Online reporter inquiries related information found in name, during the wave of merger of colleges and universities at the end of the century, names are "fish", another part launched a new name. After entering the new century, there are several main trends in the renaming of Chinese colleges and universities.

One is, the greater the area that will be involved. The typical case is that in 1978, the Luzhou Medical College from original school "Luzhou medical college was renamed, in 2015, the school was renamed" Sichuan Medical University ", at the end of the same year, again renamed Southwest Medical university".

The two is to change the category of the nature of the school. It is the most common situation that the change of the College - the College - the College - the "school level" is becoming more and more "high - end".

Three, the terms of defining subject types are becoming more and more fashionable and comprehensive. For example, with the "financial" instead of "financial and tax", "Institute of technology" to replace "electromechanical", "traffic" instead of "Railway" "Railway", "project" to replace the "geological", "science and technology" to replace "steel", "project" to replace the "geological", etc..

Four is, take off the "career" hat. Remove the words in the name of "occupation" or "occupation". China youth - Youth Online reporter based on publicly available information summary statistics found that, so far at least 65 universities have completed renamed the fourth cases, and this data does not include the first public, most likely eventually completed renamed 16.

According to the Youth Daily reporter China - youth online information, as early as March 2005, there is a school to "test the water" name occupation. "".  At that time, a private university in the northwest, the names of characters from the 8 compression for 6 words, two words removed is "occupation". In May, another private university in the same city had successfully completed the same choice.

Their choice seemed to be "avant-garde" and "far sighted". At that time, there are a lot of occupation education just unfolding, the school will join the "occupation" or "occupation" words in the name.

For example, in 2008, the Ministry of education sent 2008 No. 165 to be filed in 9 higher occupation technical school. 4 schools of the original name and not the words "occupation" or "occupation", the new name add up; the other 5 new schools, "occupation" is enabled in the name.

However, in general, has been nominated for higher education schools, "school to" occupation "trend is more common, many schools are keen to do subtraction"".

In 2008, the first wave of high tide came in. That year, at least 12 universities will be marked in the name of "occupation" or "occupation" move. While these colleges and universities are renamed, they are all promoted to private undergraduate. One of them was ranked in the list of "renamed" at the same level published by Ministry of education a few days ago, in other words, the school is committed to rename again.

Since 2010, 1 public universities will remove the names of "occupation", also appeared at the same time the rare "University" to "school".

In 2011, the second wave climax is ushered in. That year, 18 schools will be in the name of "occupation" or "occupation technology" pull out "". As mentioned above, these schools are renamed civilian run colleges and universities at the undergraduate level.

In 2012, 1 schools succeeded in copying them.

In 2014, the third wave was the biggest wave to date. In the same year, 24 schools had "removed" the "hat" of "career" or "professional technology". As in the previous several times, the 24 schools were renamed by the undergraduate level of private colleges and universities.

In 2015, two universities in Southern China reached the same goal. In the same year, a public Career Technical College upgraded to an ordinary undergraduate college and renamed it as a special education teacher's college. It also removed the word "occupation".

Since then, there are not too many colleges and universities that have succeeded in getting out of this road: in 2016.

In the north of a university wiped out in the name of "occupation technology"; in 2017, a state-run Career Academy upgraded to undergraduate level, and removed in the name of "occupation".

If the Ministry of education's latest publicity in the list of more than 10 schools do, it will be within a year more than 10 colleges and universities school "to" occupation "of the fourth year.

The reporter found that not all colleges and universities will choose to "do" career "subtraction. For example, in 2009, 2 higher occupation school level changed; 2010, 12 higher occupation school level changed; 2011, 2 higher occupation school merger, 14 higher occupation school level name, they have retained the original word "occupation" or "occupation" in the name of time.

Here, also appeared on the "occupation" of university added in its case, however, the practice of unusual. The reporter only queries to the Tianjin University of Technology and Education renamed Tianjin occupation technology Normal University -- a case of course, vocational secondary school, by the "middle school" to belong to the areas of higher education's "College" or "University" is not listed here, they are in the former name is not in.

On the whole, remove the "occupation" in the name of the school in Colleges and universities in the minority, has become a new phenomenon worthy of attention. In the minds of some schools, it is unquestionable that this is the same as "the water flows to the low and the people go to high places".

Except for official documents to name, and universities (public or private - editor's note) is more hidden do the same thing: the use of external publicity, the school's name, to "ignore" off naturally or half unconsciously "occupation" or "occupation technology".

The school decided to the level?

Why do universities choose to remove "professional" two words frequently when they are renamed? Chinese youth - Youth Online reporter noted that the school is not only a name, every word which may bring different social evaluation for school.

It means a great stress, using different words, some people tend to be attached to meaningful labels.

For example, the name of the ordinary undergraduate school is divided into "College" and "University". According to the current rules, known as the college, full time in school students should be more than 5000 people. As a university, the scale of full-time students should be more than 8000, and the number of graduate students in school is not less than 5% of the total number of full-time students.

In discipline and specialty, known as the school, should be in the Humanities (PHILOSOPHY, literature, history), Social Science (Economics, law, education), science, engineering, agriculture, medicine, management science and other disciplines, with more than 1 disciplines as a main subject; and called the university that should have more than 3 disciplines as a main subject.

As for the teachers' team, the total number of full-time teachers at the initial stage of school construction is not less than 280. The number of teachers with postgraduate qualifications of full-time teachers in the total number of full-time teachers should not be less than 30%, with the number of full-time teachers, associate senior professional titles above should not be less than 30% of the total number of full-time teachers, which is the position of Professor of full-time teachers should be no less than 10 people. Known as the University of full-time teachers with graduate degrees general staff ratio should reach more than 50%, which has a doctorate of full-time teachers in the total number of full-time teachers in general should be more than 20%; the number of full-time teachers with senior professional and technical positions in general should not be less than 400 people, which is the position of Professor of full-time teachers should not less than 100 people.

In addition, in the teaching and scientific research level, called the University, the requirements are also relatively higher.

However, is it necessary to remove "professional" or "professional" words when they are upgraded to a college? The reporter did not inquire about the rules. In the current setting standards of Higher Vocational Schools (temporary), there is no such content.

There is no doubt that, in society, some people may have some prejudices about schools with the word "career". But in the context of more and more attention to vocational education and high employment rate and reputation in vocational education, is there a professional name in a undergraduate school, which is really as important as imagination?