漫说“镜”界：铜镜的“镜鉴”功用

原标题：漫说“镜”界

　　十八岁那年，我获得一枚铜镜。那是在参加集体劳动中，无意间挖开了一座古墓。墓呈L状，有耳室，砖砌护，但尸骨未存。耳室里有两只彩色陶罐装满了“开元通宝”铜钱，在一只罐上，盖着这枚铜镜。罐旋即被打碎，钱被哄抢了，镜在我手中。说不清什么原因，我以前从未听说过和见过铜镜，但我一看见它，就立刻喊到：“铜镜！”

　　这铜镜精美极了！直径足有20厘米，镜的背面，泛着银光，两只扬翅起舞的凤鸟，栩栩如生；镜面像是有一层亮亮的黑漆，隐约能映出人影，和墓中的红绿色铜钱相比，几乎没有任何锈迹。我知道这是件文物，把玩几天后，便把它交给了铺镇文化站的赵站长。日后，赵站长把它上交给了汉中博物馆。许多年过去了，我在策划拍摄大型历史专题片《栈道》时，不经意地向汉台博物馆馆长郭荣章先生说起这件事，方知这枚铜镜已被省文物馆作为一级文物调往省上。郭老先生不知我何意，曾托人向我打听：“是不是黄部长想要上缴文物奖励？按国家规定，只能奖励30元钱。”我哑然失笑，但从此便开始关注研究和搜集铜镜了。

　　而今，镜子是再寻常不过的日用品了。但在中国传统文化中，镜子除照面整容外，还象征着财富、尊贵、爱情、避邪甚至有着某种超自然力的诡谲。

　　在没有真正意义上的镜出现之前，人们肯定是在清澈平静的水面上看到自己的衣冠容貌而认识自己的。由此启发，古人便以盆盛水照面整容。盆分贫富，显贵人家用青铜盆，寻常百姓用陶盆，但都是盆，又都用于鉴容，于是把这种照镜子的方法称为“监”。这是一个象形文字，在古篆中，上为两只大眼，下为一器皿，作俯视状，生动传神。再以后，打磨光亮的铜器照人效果更好，于是铜镜便诞生了，这时的两只大眼下面的器皿变成了“金”字，“监”成为“鉴”。这便是我们现在所说的鉴别、借鉴词汇的最初成因，它们原始的含义是照镜子。

　　镜子一直是爱情的象征。截止当今，男婚女嫁，镜子也是不可或缺的。特别是新娘的嫁妆，娘家人可以陪嫁汽车洋房、万贯家财，但绝不能少一面圆圆的镜子，而且要贴上一个红红的喜字，尽管镜子并不值钱，但这是一种仪式，一种传统，代表圆满，代表今后过日子，更代表夫妻的恩爱。那句脍炙人口的成语“破镜重圆”不是讲述一个凄婉、忠贞的爱情故事么？经常出现在恋人口中或赞美爱情的歌曲中的“长相思，毋相忘”不是最早出现在汉代铜镜的铭文上么？说到铜镜上的爱情，不能不说唐朝，这是中国历史上一个伟大的、开放的、诗歌的、无以伦比的时代。我最初上交给博物馆的那枚铜镜，就是唐代象征着比翼双飞、忠贞不逾爱情的“鸾鸟”镜，也只有唐朝，才能铸造出这样热烈奔放、精美绝伦的铜镜！不仅如此，唐镜铭文上所表达出的爱情诗歌，也正是这个开放、大气朝代的写照：

　　当眉写翠，对脸传红绮窗绣晃，俱含影中

　　又如：

　　兰闺腕腕，宝镜团团；曾双比目，径舞孤鸾；光流粉黛，彩散罗纨；可怜无尽，娇羞自看。

　　这铸造在铜镜上的诗，分明是一封情书。可以想象，这些传情的诗句，很可能就是那些娇美的怀春少女所写，交与工匠铸造，然后怀着一颗娇羞期盼的心情，通过类似红娘那样的伶俐丫环，送给自己中意郞君的。

　　再如：

　　冬朝日照梁，含怨下前床。惟寒以叶带，镜转菱花光。会是无人觉，何用早红妆。

　　这也一定是一位闺中少妇对自己或为官、或为商、或浪迹天涯、或移情别恋的丈夫发出的哀怨之叹，然后用铜汁浇铸出凝结着自己凄楚、孤独、痴情的铜镜，并传递至今。

　　这些对爱情的表达方式，出现在精神开放的唐朝！

　　铜镜是强盛、尊贵的象征。从黄帝亲自制作轩辕镜开始（现代考古说齐家文化已有铜镜的雏形），到玻璃镜广泛使用为止，铜镜几乎涵盖了中国的全部历史，但只有汉镜和唐镜，犹如花中牡丹，雍容华贵，无论造型、题材、纹饰和铸造工艺，都达到我国古代铜镜的巅峰。以后的朝代，尽管也不乏精品，但总体上江流日落，每况愈下。铜镜是时代之镜，折射出每个朝代的强弱盛衰，只有在政治、经济、文化高度发展、繁荣的强汉盛唐，才能铸造出让后世惊叹不已的艺术之镜！

　　在汉镜中，我尤其喜欢王莽时代的禽兽规矩镜。它一改过去凝重和玄秘的纹饰，大胆地把类似字母的“T、L、V”几何图型和飞鸟、瑞兽作为主题纹饰，鲜活而生动，充满着蓬勃向上的生命力。这与王莽这个“篡汉贼子”很不相称。翻阅史料，倒觉得王莽是历史上一位改革家，他的打土豪分田地，解放奴隶的改革措施，还真有点“社会主义”。只是他太莽撞，太急于求成了，没有“摸着石头过河”，在天下刘姓的正统思想和既得利益者的庞大势力面前，他只能以失败告终。但，规矩镜留了下来，依然标示着这个时代积极进取的朝气。

　　唐朝，是一个海纳百川、对外开放的朝代。盛唐时期的铜镜几乎个个是精品，海兽葡萄镜、双鸾衔绶带镜、金银平脱镜、螺钿镜、掐丝珐琅镜……这些融合了东西方文化的铜镜，无不散发出盛唐的万千气象。唐朝也一定为自己制作的精美铜镜而自豪，向法门寺佛祖灵骨敬献供品中有铜镜，向外国元首和使臣赠送礼品中有铜镜，就连唐玄宗过生日，也精制铜镜以赠群臣，并把这一天称为“千秋金鉴节”，为此，唐玄宗本人还亲笔赋诗一首——

　　铸得千秋镜光生白炼金分将赐群臣过像见清心

　　……

　　千百年过去了，唐镜依然散发着迷人、神奇之光，看见它，不由使人一次次梦回唐朝！

　　不知什么时候，什么原因，铜镜成为中国人避邪攘灾的宝器，而且位居传统的避邪之物之首，连玉石、桃木都居它之后。我想，古人一定是诧异镜中为什么能反映出一模一样但又摸不着、取不走的人形物影，而认定它有一种镇妖降魔、去病消灾的魔力，因此，不仅梳妆用镜，打仗用镜（护心镜），建房盖屋在房脊、中樑上镶镜，就连陪葬品中，也少不了一面镜子，为的是给死者取得光明，不受邪魔侵扰。

　　在众多有关铜镜的神怪传说中，恐怕人们知道最多的是《红楼梦》中的“风月宝鉴”了，王熙凤毒设相思计，把贾瑞整得死去活来。贾瑞求跛足道人治病，道人取出一面双面可照的铜镜，镜上錾有“风月宝鉴”四字，递与贾瑞道：“此物出自太虚幻境灵空殿上，警幻仙子所制，专治邪思妄动之症，有济世保生之功。所以带它到世上，单与那些聪明杰俊、风雅王孙等看照。千万不可照正面，只照他的背面，要紧，要紧！”贾瑞从反面一照，只见一个狰狞的骷髅，吓得魂飞魄散；但一照正面，就见凤姐风情万种的招他叫他，于是，挡不往诱惑，晃悠悠进入镜中，与凤姐云雨一番，反复几次，终于一命呜乎。

　　“风月宝鉴”的两面，昭示着一明一暗，一正一邪，一存一亡。千百年来，镜子的功能被无限发展延伸了，政治家用它来比喻修身、齐家、治国、平天下，军事家把它作为知彼知已、克敌制胜的武器、科学家用它来探测微观世界和浩淼太空。而我保存着儿时的一种幻想，这人世间，假若真有一面照妖镜该多好，能让一切魑魅魍魉，彻底暴露在光天化日之下；也想有一面“风月宝鉴”，给好人疗伤治病，让贪欲之人，得到应有的报应！

来源：人民网

Some "mirror" mirror "mirror" function

At the age of eighteen, I got a bronze mirror. It is in the collective labor, inadvertently dug a tomb. The tomb is L - shaped, with an ear chamber, a brick masonry, but a dead body. The ear room has two color pots filled with "kaiyuantongbao" coins, in a pot, covered with the bronze mirror. The tank was immediately broken, money was looting, mirror in my hands. Say not clear what reason, I have never heard and seen the mirror, but I saw it, immediately shouted: "mirror!"
This lovely mirror! The diameter is 20 cm, the back of mirror, silver, two young wings dancing Phoenix, mirror like black paint is true to life; there is a layer of bright, vaguely reflected shadows, and compared to the tomb of the red and green coins, almost no rust. I know this is a cultural relic. After a few days of playing, I handed it to the Zhao stationmaster of the cultural station. The day after, Zhao webmaster hand it to the Hanzhoung museum. Many years later, I'm planning to shoot large historical piece "plank", inadvertently to the Hantai museum curator Mr. Guo Rongzhang talking about this matter, we know the bronze mirror has been the Provincial Museum as a cultural relics to the province. Mr. Guo, who did not know what I meant, had a trustee to ask me, "is it the Minister of Huang who wants to pay the reward for cultural relics? According to the state, it can only be awarded 30 yuan. " I can't help laughing but then began to pay attention to, study and collection of bronze mirrors.
Now, the mirror is the most unusual daily necessities. 但在中国传统文化中，镜子除照面整容外，还象征着财富、尊贵、爱情、避邪甚至有着某种超自然力的诡谲。
Before there is no real sense of the mirror, it is certainly in the tranquil water to see their clothes and understand their looks. Inspired by this, the ancients with a bowl of cosmetic face. The basin divide between rich and poor, noble people with bronze pots, pots with ordinary people, but they are all used in the basin, so the Kam Yung, the mirror is called "the method". This is a pictograph, the ancient seal, for the two big eyes, is a vessel for overlooking shape, vivid. Later, polished bronze as better, so the mirror was born, then the following two big vessels has become a "gold" word, "supervision" become "kam". This is the original cause of what we are now saying to identify and learn words, and their original meaning is to look in the mirror.
The mirror has always been a symbol of love. As of today, women marry, mirror is indispensable. Especially the bride's dowry, dowry family can car houses, but never a vast wealth, small round mirror, and to put on a red hi word, although the mirror is not worth the money, but this is a kind of ritual, a tradition that represents perfection, on behalf of the future over the day, more representative of the couple loving. That sentence the popular idiom "a broken mirror joined together is not telling a" sad, love story? People often appear in love or praise love songs in "everlasting longing for you, do not forget" is not the first appeared in the Han Dynasty bronze mirror inscription? When it comes to love people, can not say that this is the history of the Tang Dynasty, China a great, open, poetry, incomparable era. I first gave the bronze mirror of the museum, is a symbol of the Tang Dynasty, loyal love more than happy couple "Luan bird" mirror, only the Tang Dynasty, can cast out so enthusiastic and exquisite beyond compare mirror! Not only that, the love poems expressed in the inscriptions on the Tang mirror are also the portrayal of the open and atmospheric Dynasty.
When the eyebrow writes the Cui, it spreads the red and beautiful windows of the face, and contains the shadow.
Also such as:
Boudoir wrist wrist, Hokyo round; had dual mesh size Guluan dance; optical color powder cosmetics, Luo Wan; poor endless, shy from watching.
The cast in bronze mirror of poetry, is clearly a love letter. You can imagine, these Teaser verses, is probably written by those beautiful young girls, and artisans cast, then with a shy look forward to the mood, the matchmaker that similar smart girl, to their favorite Lang Jun.
Again as follows:
In the winter sunshine under the bed before the hated beam. Only the cold with the leaf belt, the mirror turns the diamond. No one will feel, what in the early.
This is also a young woman's apartment on their own or official, or business, or wandering, or faithless husband a sad sigh, and then cast copper juice condensation own sorrowful, loneliness, love the mirror, and passed so far.
These expressions of love appear in the open spirit of the Tang Dynasty.
The mirror is a symbol of prosperity and honor. From the beginning of Huang Di personally produced the Xuanyuan mirror (modern archaeological Qijia culture has said prototype mirror, glass mirror) to widely used so far, the mirror has covered almost all the historical China, but only the Han and Tang mirror mirror, flower peony, Yong Ronghuagui, regardless of shape, material, decoration and casting process, to our country the peak of ancient bronze mirrors. The later dynasties, although there are some fine, but on the whole the sunset, worse. The mirror is the mirror of the times, reflecting the strength of the rise and fall of each dynasty, only in the political economic and cultural development, prosperity qianghan Tang, in order to transfer the later Marvel art casting mirror!
In the mirror of the Han Dynasty, I especially like the Wang Mang age animal rule mirror. It changed the ornamentation of the past and the mystery, and boldly put the letters like "T, L, and"