定位明铁佩：复原丝路历史风貌

原标题：定位明铁佩：复原丝路历史风貌

　　2012—2015年，中国社会科学院考古研究所组成专门考古队，与乌兹别克斯坦科学院考古研究所专业人员联合对明铁佩遗址先后进行了4次考古发掘工作，获得了一批重要的考古资料。

　　在此基础上，2016年秋季进行了第五次发掘，以进一步探究和明确城址布局为中心，重点对内城南部的作坊区、“西门”进行发掘，并对可能存在的外郭城进行勘探。通过发掘，首次发现了明铁佩遗址外郭城城墙，获得了对该城址空间范围的全新认识。同时，在对内城南部手工业作坊区的发掘中，首次廓清了作坊建筑特点、文化内涵。此外，内城西门遗址的发掘、外城东城墙附近墓葬的发现与发掘等，都取得了重大学术突破。

　　拓展古城遗址文化内涵

　　首先，通过考古勘探与发掘，发现了明铁佩古城外郭城。考古人员在东、南、西、北城墙遗址处分别勘探出一部分城墙，并试掘了外城东城墙。外城东城墙保存较好，墙体残存宽度约11 米，城墙两侧有伴生的文化层堆积，外城四面城墙大体可以复原围合。明铁佩古城外城的发现和确认，使其古城面积从500×800米扩大到约2100×1300米，一跃成为公元前后费尔干纳盆地内面积最大的古代城址。

　　这一发现，以确凿的考古资料明确了明铁佩古城外郭城的存在和范围，不仅廓清了自20世纪40年代以来关于明铁佩古城外郭城的种种推测和分歧，而且对于进一步明确明铁佩古城的性质，及其在费尔干纳盆地乃至于整个中亚地区古代城市化进程中的地位具有重要意义。

　　其次，内城南城墙内发现并发掘了一处手工业作坊区遗迹。在此次发掘的400平方米范围内，清理出土坯房址5间以上，房内有火灶、大陶瓮、堆石等遗迹以及磨石、兽骨残骸等遗物。经初步推测，这是一处可能与皮革加工有关的、功能完备的作坊遗址。在费尔干纳盆地内也曾发现过类似的大瓮遗迹，但此次发掘共清理出了14个大瓮，数量超过了先前发现的总和。

　　之前的关注点多集中在大瓮的发现上，较少关注与大瓮有关的其他遗迹及建筑的状况。通过此次发掘，不仅明确了大瓮与其周边的火灶、堆石、废弃坑等相关遗迹的共生关系，更为重要的是，这些遗迹共分处5间房址内，明确了作坊遗址的建筑分布与状况，使得对于这一作坊遗址的建筑布局有了较为明晰的认识，极大地扩展了对这一作坊遗址以及明铁佩古城的文化内涵的认识。

　　再次，发现并发掘了明铁佩古城内城西城门遗迹。西城门是明铁佩城址目前仅知的一座城门，规模宏大，门址两侧有高大的塔楼形马面设施，显示了该城址具备有高水平的防御系统，也表明该城址在本地区的古代城址和古文化中具有较高的地位。目前，已全面获取了西城门区域地上、地下建筑遗迹的分布信息，为进一步保护和展示西城门遗址提供了全面、科学、客观的考古资料。

　　最后，外城东墙附近发现了一处墓葬区，并清理出其中一个完整的墓葬。该墓葬人骨保存完整，出土的随葬品丰富，包括陶器4件、铜戒指1件、玻璃珠7件。保存完好的中古时期古墓葬在费尔干纳盆地十分少见。此前，在2012年对城址北墙的解剖发掘中，曾在城墙堆积下发现有一座墓葬。地层关系表明，该墓葬的年代当早于城墙的年代，这为确定城址的始建年代提供了重要的资料。

　　此次发现的墓葬和墓葬区，进一步拓展了明铁佩古城遗址的文化内涵。该墓葬打破外城城墙，系在外城墙堆积上营建而成，这些丰富的随葬品和出土的人骨，为确定城墙废弃年代下限，提供了难能可贵的重要实例。同时，这些墓葬以及在城墙上、下建造墓葬的现象，也为进一步探究费尔干纳盆地内的葬制、葬俗和古代文化的面貌和内涵提供了重要材料。

　　重新确立古城历史地位

　　2016年秋季的明铁佩遗址重要考古发现清晰表明：明铁佩古城作为公元前后费尔干纳盆地内面积最大的城址，在乌兹别克斯坦古代城址中也属于最大级别的古代城址。它不仅有功能完善的城墙、城门、马面和两重城垣等城防设施;城内外还有规模宏大的大型建筑和道路系统，也有建筑格局清晰、功能完备的手工业作坊，而城外发现的墓葬区则进一步扩大了古城的文化内涵。这一系列的重要考古发现，使国际考古学界得以重新认识中亚地区的明铁佩遗址，对于重新定位明铁佩古城在费尔干纳盆地和古代中亚历史上的地位具有重要意义。

　　明铁佩遗址是中国考古学者在境外开展的规模最大的考古发掘项目，也是中国考古学走出国门、走向世界的重要开始。中乌合作五年以来，中国考古队在实际工作中展现的工作理念、工作思路和工作方法，尤其是以大型都邑考古为代表、大遗址考古工作理念和以探铲为代表的勘探技术，已被越来越多的国外学者所了解和认可;而明铁佩遗址的考古工作和所取得的成果，也成为中亚考古的典范。

　　因其独特的地理位置和地缘优势，中亚地区自古以来就是东西方文化交流的必经之地，粟特人、阿拉伯人组成的商队将东西方的商品源源不断地转运;亚历山大东征、张骞凿空西域，东西方的文明在此碰撞、交流;丝绸之路由此通过，并向东西方延伸。独特的地理位置、良好的自然环境、丰富的自然资源，造就了乌兹别克斯坦悠久的历史和灿烂的文化。而明铁佩遗址所处的费尔干纳盆地，又是中亚地区在空间上距离中国最近的一个地理单元，自古以来与中国的联系最为密切，在中国古代文献中有很多相关记载。

　　在明铁佩遗址联合考古发掘工作，中、乌两国的考古工作者继承两国延续2000余年的友好交往历史，不但加深了中、乌两国的交流和友谊，也为古老的丝绸之路增添了新的篇章。正如2016年6月，国家主席习近平在对乌兹别克斯坦进行国事访问之际，在乌发表的署名文章中所概括的那样：“中国国家文物局、中国社会科学院、中国西北大学等单位积极同乌方开展联合考古和古迹修复工作，为恢复丝绸之路历史风貌作出了重要努力。”

来源：人民网

Location: Tiepei Ming restoration of historic Silk Road

2012 - 2015, Chinese Archaeological Research Institute of the Academy of Social Sciences consists of special archaeological team, and Archaeological Research Institute of Uzbekistan Academy of Sciences professionals of Ming Tiepei site has conducted 4 archaeological excavations, obtained a number of important archaeological materials.
On this basis, the autumn of 2016 conducted fifth excavations, to further explore and clear the city layout as the center, focusing on the city south of the workshop area, "Simon" carried out, and some foreign exploration of Guo cheng. Through excavation, first discovered the ruins of the outer city walls of the Ming Tiepei, to have a new understanding of the city space. At the same time, in the excavation of the handicraft workshops in the southern part of the inner city, the characteristics and cultural connotations of the workshops were clarified for the first time. In addition, the City Simon excavation and outside the city wall near the tombs discovered and excavated, have made a major academic breakthrough.
Expanding the cultural connotation of the ancient city site
First of all, through archaeological exploration and excavation, found that Tiepei ancient city of the city. Archaeologists in the East, South, West, north of the city wall ruins exploration of a part of the wall don't dispose of, and try to dig the outer city wall. Outside the east wall well preserved remnants of the wall width of about 11 meters, on both sides of the wall culture layer associated with the accumulation of the outer four walls can be roughly enclosed restoration. The discovery and validation of Ming Tiepei ancient city of the city, the ancient city area from 500 x 800 meters expanded to about 2100 x 1300 meters, became the BC Fergana basin area is the largest ancient city.
This discovery, with conclusive archaeological data are identified and the scope of Ming Tiepei outside the ancient city walls, not only clarifies since 1940s on Ming Tiepei outside the ancient city walls speculation and differences, and to further clarify the nature of the ancient city of Ming Tiepei, and in the Fergana basin and the significance of ancient city of the Central Asia area in the process of status.
Secondly, the relics of a handicraft workshop were discovered and excavated in the wall of the south city of the inner city. In the excavation of the 400 square meters range, clean unearthed more than 5 blank Housing sites, there is room fire stove, large taoweng, stone ruins and stone, animal bones and other artifacts. It is preliminarily presumed that this is a complete workshop site that may be related to the processing of leather. Similar large urns have been found in the Fergana basin, but the excavation has cleaned up 14 large urns, more than the sum of previously discovered.
Most of the previous concerns were focused on the discovery of the big urns, and less attention was paid to other sites and buildings related to the big urns. Through the excavation, not only clear the symbiotic relationship between the fire stove, a large urn and its surrounding rockfill, waste pits and other related sites, more importantly, these sites were divided into 5 rooms in the building site, the workshop site and distribution situation, make a clear understanding about this workshop site building layout, greatly expanding the workshop site and understand the cultural connotation of the ancient city of Ming Tiepei.
Again, found and excavated ancient city ruins of the west gate Tiepei ming. The west gate is the only known Tiepei Ming city gate, grand scale, access doors on both sides of a tower shaped Navodon facilities tall, shows that the city has a high level of defense system, also shows that the city is higher in the region of ancient city and the ancient cultures. At present, the distribution information of the underground and underground buildings in Xicheng area has been fully acquired, which provides comprehensive, scientific and objective archaeological data for further protection and display of the site of Xicheng.
Finally, found a tomb near the area outside the east wall, and clean out one complete burial. The tombs of human bone preserved, unearthed rich funerary objects, including 4 pieces of pottery, copper ring 1, 7 pieces of glass beads. The ancient tombs in the middle ancient times are very rare in the Fergana basin. After the excavation of the site in the anatomy of the north wall in 2012, was found in a tomb wall accumulation. Stratigraphic relationships indicate that the tombs of the era when the walls in the early, in order to determine the beginning time provides important information.
The discovery of the tombs and burial area, to further expand the cultural connotation of the ruins of the ancient city of Ming Tiepei. The tombs broke the outer city walls, Department of construction in the outer wall and accumulation of human bone, these rich funerary objects unearthed and, in order to determine the wall abandoned from the lower limit, provides an important example of it. At the same time, these tombs and the construction of tombs on the walls of the city also provide important materials for further exploration of the burial system, burial custom and the appearance and connotation of ancient culture in Fergana basin.
Reestablish the historical status of the ancient city
The Tiepei site of important archaeological autumn 2016 found clear: Ming Tiepei ancientcity as city BC in Fergana basin area is the largest in Uzbekistan, the ancient city of the ancient city also belong to the maximum level. It not only has the function of improving the walls, gates, and double walls etc. the horse facilities outside the city; there are large-scale large buildings and road systems, there are clear architectural pattern and multifunctional handicraft workshop, and found outside the burial area to further expand the cultural connotation of the ancient city. This is a series of important archaeological discoveries, the international archaeological circles to re recognize the Central Asia Tiepei Ming ruins, the ancient city of Ming Tiepei re positioning has important significance in Fergana basin and the ancient Central Asia's history.
The site is Tiepei