姑苏版画里的千年中国

原标题：姑苏版画里的千年中国

　　版画《柳畔美人童子图》清乾隆，木刻印制、手工彩绘 资料1

　　版画《丹凤朝阳》清乾隆，木刻印制，手工彩绘 资料1

　　临近春节，江苏苏州桃花坞木刻年画社社长华黎静异常忙碌，网上订单每天都要出一两百件，以门神类、喜庆吉祥类年画为主打产品。传人匮乏、文化习俗消失等现状，导致部分非遗文化日渐式微，木版年画却在几番沉浮中，于近年来呈现复苏状态。去年一年，苏州桃花坞木刻年画社的销售收入达200多万元。“木版年画承载着中华千年历史和文化习俗，具有浓郁的生活气息。民间对本土传统文化的兴趣和关注度越来越高，使得木版年画不仅在国内外收藏界受到热捧，也成为老百姓在过年过节重拾习俗的首选。”华黎静告诉记者。

　　具有典型江南特色的桃花坞年画，源于宋代雕版印刷工艺，由绣像图演变而来，至明代成为民间艺术主流，清代康熙、雍正、乾隆年间为鼎盛时期，代表着木版年画的艺术巅峰。清末民初，年画工坊从阊门、虎丘、七里三塘一带迁至桃花大街，遂以地名命名为桃花坞年画。苏州别名“姑苏”，学术界又将康熙、乾隆时期的木版画命名为“姑苏版画”。

　　桃花坞木版年画国家级传承人房志达告诉记者，姑苏版画刻工精美、题材多样，是摄影技术发明以前苏州市民生活和风土人情的记录载体；同时，姑苏版画最典型的特点是“仿泰西笔法”的大量运用。所谓“仿泰西笔法”，主要是将西方画种中的平行透视法、明暗造型，与铜版画的细密扁平电缆技法运用到中国传统题材的版画作品中，因此这一时期的作品兼具中西特色，风格十分鲜明。

　　姑苏版画曾是古丝路上联系文化的纽带。据英国大英博物馆中国版画绘画藏品部学者王小明介绍，姑苏版画在清代初期以贸易的方式传播到欧洲。欧洲对姑苏版画的追捧从17世纪开始，一直到18世纪末才减弱，英国著名书店“寒山堂”藏有传世数量最多的姑苏版画。当时中国民间版画代表强势的文化，影响到了19世纪前欧洲的审美。日本的浮世绘版画也同样吸收、借鉴了桃花坞年画的创作元素，其美学风格受到桃花坞年画的深远影响。

　　1月7日至9日，在“中国·苏州首届国际木版年画展”暨“传承·创新·交流——中国木版年画国际学术研讨会”上，来自英国、日本、韩国、越南和国内的木版年画一线鉴藏家与博物馆专家以及各地区的传承人，带来了400多幅藏品，其中有30多幅姑苏版珍品。

　　有专家告诉记者，早期和中期的木版年画作品大都被世界各大博物馆、美术馆、图书馆及藏家收藏，国内藏家和传承人所藏基本上为晚清至民国年间作品。一个重要原因是，过去，国内把年画作为过年的张贴画看待，每年贴完后就会撕毁，或者来年在相同的地方继续张贴新的年画样式，把旧年画覆盖掉。而在国外的收藏者看来，中国的木版年画是艺术品，值得珍藏。近年来，这种意识也渐渐在国内文化界和收藏家中间乃至民间得到高度认同。

　　不少国内藏家从拍卖行拍回了流失在海外的珍品。在此次国际木版年画展上，有一幅苏州藏家周小勤通过拍卖所得的乾隆时期孤品，引起了广泛关注。该画图中的童子手持牡丹，面含微笑，身前立有凤凰，图题“丹凤朝阳”，年画还使用了仿西洋铜版画的细密扁平电缆来表现人物的衣褶部分。《诗经·大雅·卷阿》有“凤凰鸣矣，于彼高冈。梧桐生矣，于彼朝阳”，“丹凤朝阳”比喻贤才逢明时，是一幅祝愿孩子将来大有作为的吉祥画，为姑苏版年画的经典代表作。

　　盛世之下，传统文化复苏，姑苏版年画在国际上再次引起广泛关注是个明证。但是，包括姑苏版年画在内的非遗文化要真正活起来甚至“火”起来，一是需要恢复传统习俗，二是亟须解决传承人的问题。

　　目前，国内木版年画多为父传子、师傅传徒弟等传统的家庭和作坊传承模式。这样的模式优势是手把手教，技艺扎实，弊端是没有一个长效机制，传什么、怎么传、如何进行跨界创新，都会受到非遗传人自身认识和力量的桎梏。承办此次国际年画展的苏州工艺美术职业技术学院，在搭建交流平台的同时，还有一个“私心”，就是想“向国内外专家和全国的年画非遗传承人传达一个理念，学校探索了15年的木版年画保护传承‘桃花坞’模式，是否有可能在国内各大年画产地甚至是其他非遗门类中进行推广”。

　　2001年，为抢救保护濒危的桃花坞木刻年画，苏州工业美术职业技术学院将桃花坞木刻年画社引企入校，建立“大师工作室”制人才培养模式，聘请国家级非物质文化遗产代表性传承人房志达等老师傅，开设年画研修班，遴选有志于从事非遗传承的学生加以培养，如今已形成了四代共8位传人的传承格局。此外，学校还把非遗元素融入广告设计、陶艺、服装设计、装饰艺术等多个专业中，在教学中迸发的创意和灵感，回到年画社进行文创产品开发。学院院长范卫东表示，接下来还将继续探索传统文化与现代艺术融合的新路径，让传统文化真正“活在当下”。

　　著名民间文艺家冯骥才在发给此次国际年画展的贺信中说，姑苏年画曾是世界认识苏州的迷人窗口，未来将是苏州走向世界的亮丽名片。在这个意义非凡的背景下总结、挖掘、探讨与弘扬，不仅是苏州城市发展的需要，同时还将推动年画领域的国际交流、合作与相互认知，为“一带一路”上各国之间共同的文化繁荣作出新贡献。

来源：人民网

Millennial China in the engraving of Suzhou

Prints of the printmaking, "the picture of the beauty of willow beauty", the Qing Qianlong, the printing of wood engraved and hand painted materials

"Print" Red Phoenix in morning sun Qing Qianlong woodcut printing, hand painted pictures,

The Spring Festival approaching, Jiangsu Suzhou Taohuawu woodcut New Year paintings club president Hua Lijing is very busy, online orders every day to one hundred or two hundred, to God, auspicious class New Year paintings as the main product. The lack of successors and the disappearance of culture and custom caused some of the intangible cultural heritage to fade away. Woodblock New Year pictures have been recovering in recent years. Last year, the sales revenue of Suzhou Taohuawu woodcarving annual painting society reached about 2000000 yuan. "The woodblock year painting carries the Chinese thousand years of history and cultural customs, and has a strong breath of life. The interest and attention of folk towards the traditional culture is getting higher and higher, making woodblock New Year paintings not only popular at home and abroad, but also become the first choice for people to pick up customs in New Year holidays. Hua Lijing told reporters.
具有典型江南特色的桃花坞年画，源于宋代雕版印刷工艺，由绣像图演变而来，至明代成为民间艺术主流，清代康熙、雍正、乾隆年间为鼎盛时期，代表着木版年画的艺术巅峰。 At the end of the Qing Dynasty, Tang Chang men from three New Year paintings workshop, Huqiu, seven in the area moved to Peach Street, Suiyi Taohuawu place names New Year paintings. Suzhou's alias "Suzhou", the academia also named Kangxi and Qian Long woodblock as "the printmaking of the Soviet Union".
Taohuawu woodcut New Year paintings national heritage Fang Zhida told reporters, Suzhou prints beautifully carved, various themes, photography before the invention of public life and local customs and practices Suzhou record carrier; at the same time, the most typical feature of Suzhou woodcut is "the use of a large number of imitate the west style". The so-called "imitate the West brushwork", mainly to Western painting in parallel perspective, shading modeling, and copper engraving fine flat cable Chinese skills into traditional theme prints, so the works of this period with Chinese and Western style is very distinctive characteristics.
The engraving of the ancient Silk Road was once the link between the ancient Silk Road and the culture. According to Wang Xiaoming, a scholar of the Chinese printmaking and Painting Department of British Museum in the United Kingdom, the printmaking of the Soviet Union was spread to Europe by trade in the early Qing Dynasty. The print of Suzhou sought in Europe from the beginning of seventeenth Century, it has been weakened by the end of eighteenth Century, the famous British bookstore "hanshantang" has handed down the largest number of Suzhou woodcut. The Chinese folk printmaking represented a strong culture at that time, affecting the European aesthetic before the nineteenth Century. Japanese Ukiyo-e prints also absorb and learn the creative elements of Taohuawu New Year paintings, their aesthetic style has been influenced by the Taohuawu New Year paintings.
In from January 7th to 9th, "Chinese - the first Suzhou international exhibition board years" and "heritage - innovation - AC - Chinese woodcut New Year paintings International Symposium, from Britain, Japan, Korea, Vietnam and domestic wood line collectors and museum experts in New Year paintings as well as the regional heritage, brought more than 400 pieces of collections, including more than 30 pieces of Suzhou edition treasures.
Some experts told reporters that the early and mid season woodcut New Year paintings were mostly collected by museums, art galleries, libraries and collectors in the world. The collections of domestic and inheritors were basically works from late Qing Dynasty to the Republic of China. An important reason is that in the past, New Year pictures were regarded as new year's posters in China. They would be torn up after the completion of the annual exhibitions, or the new style of New Year pictures will continue to be posted in the same place next year, and the old New Year pictures will be covered. In the view of the foreign collectors, the Chinese woodblock annual painting is a work of art, which is worth treasuring. In recent years, this awareness has also gradually been recognized in the middle of the domestic culture and collectors and even in the folk.
Many domestic collectors have taken back the treasures from the auction house. In this International Year woodcut exhibition, has a unique Suzhou collector Zhou Xiaoqin through the auction from the Qianlong period, has aroused widespread concern. The drawing of the boy with peony, smile, who stands in front of Phoenix, figure captions ", also used the Red Phoenix in morning sun" New Year paintings imitating western copper engraving fine flat cable to show the pleats part. "Book of Songs", "phoenix" is a roll of Ming Yi, in another high hill. Live in another plane, Chaoyang "," Ming Feng all the Red Phoenix in morning sun "metaphor, is a promising future wish their children lucky draw, as the classical version of Suzhou New Year paintings.
Under the prosperity of the world, the revival of traditional culture and the popularity of the new year's painting in the world are a proof. However, the culture of intangible heritage, including the New Year pictures of the Suzhou era, needs to be restored to the traditional customs, and the two is the urgent need to solve the problem of inheriting people.
At present, the domestic wood son, father New Year paintings multi master apprentice traditional family workshops and inheritance mode. The advantages of such a mode are hand in hand teaching and solid skills. The disadvantage is that there is no long-term mechanism. What to transmit, how to pass and how to cross border innovation will be fetters from the understanding and strength of the intangible heritage. The host of this exhibition in the International Year of Suzhou Art and Design Technology Institute, set up a communication platform at the same time, there is a "selfish", is to "experts at home and abroad and the national intangible cultural heritage inheritors New Year paintings convey a concept, the school explores 15 years of wood protection and inheritance of the" Taohuawu "model New Year paintings, whether it is possible in the New Year picture the origin and marketing for other categories of intangible cultural heritage".
In 2001, in order to rescue and protect the endangered Taohuawu woodcut New Year pictures, Suzhou Industrial Fine Arts Career Technical College introduced Taohuawu woodcut New Year pictures club into the school, and established "Master Studio" talent training mode.