民窑瓷器 要选准精品收藏

中国陶瓷历史悠久、源远流长。有人这样形容，一部中国陶瓷史就是一部中国文明史。这部文明史的每一页都与陶瓷的发展有着千丝万缕的联系。也就是说，中国文明每次进步都会在陶瓷的身上找到影子。如古朴自然的秦汉陶瓷、雄浑大气的唐代瓷器、精致内敛的宋代瓷器、一枝独秀的元代瓷器、浓艳多姿的明代瓷器、繁缛富丽的清代瓷器、良莠不齐的民国瓷器，都是当时社会的理想、审美情趣和科技能力的体现，是时代最耀眼的光环。这就是文物收藏的史料价值所在。瓷器收藏品价值的确定，是通过对某件瓷器质量优劣的鉴别，以评定该瓷器的艺术价值和收藏价值。鉴别器物的优劣，主要看是否完整，是否有裂痕、变形等，以及是不是上乘之作、稀世珍品等，从而评定其艺术水平、收藏价值。

　　就年份已久的古旧瓷器而言，位列第一的当推各个朝代的官窑瓷器，其中又以“御窑”和名头特别响的器件价格最高，因而也最具有收藏价值。多年来的市场表现表明，明朝各代瓷器和“清三代”（康熙、雍正、乾隆）的器件最受市场追捧，其现在的价格与几年前相比，普遍提高10倍至100倍。其中，如明成化斗彩鸡缸杯、康熙豇豆釉彩器、雍正珐琅莲子碗等，如今的市场价达百万元甚至上千万元。可对于民间广大工薪族陶瓷爱好者来说，收藏元青花和明清官窑瓷器，较高的上千万元，太过昂贵。所以，民窑精品就成了最受瞩目的投资收藏对象。

　　民窑即民间瓷窑，相对于宫廷（朝廷）兴办的官窑（御窑）而言，属非官方经营的。以商品性生产为主的瓷窑，生产的瓷器都为满足国内外市场普遍需要的日用瓷和陈设瓷，销售地区极为广泛。时间上也是特指民国以前，其中以明清两个朝代最为兴盛。民窑的产品称客货，风格与官窑迥异。除去一些限制生产的花纹和器型，可以说民窑瓷器的造型和纹饰题材更丰富自由。明代景德镇拥有为数众多的民窑，是我国陶瓷窑的主体，其制品粗细，并不比官窑逊色多少。比较著名的有磁州窑、崔公窑、周公窑、壶公窑、小南窑等。民窑瓷器的种类基本上可以概括为三大类：一是饮食器和生活日用瓷器，如盘、碟、蛊、碗、罐、壶以及凉枕、蜡台等；二是陈设玩赏器，如樽、花瓶、花盆、帽筒、鼻烟壶、佛像、瓷塑、雕瓷、蟋蟀罐、香炉等；三是文房用器，如笔架、笔筒、笔洗、水盂、印盒等。

　　在民窑瓷器中，有很多画工朴素流畅，器型优美，釉色晶莹的精品。虽是民窑瓷器，但年份早，具有浓郁的时代风格，又有很好的收藏价值及市场潜力。

　　收藏民窑瓷器要三看：一看图案。看民窑瓷器上绘画图案是否精美，大致可分为人物、山水、动物花鸟、简单图案四个档次。在各种图案中带字的比不带字的值钱，有诗文题赋的价格更高。有些民窑青花瓷器书写有特殊的文字款识，其价格也相对较高。

　　二看器型。分为三个档次，第一，即陈设器和文房用品；第二，佛像雕塑、茶壶、鼻烟壶等；第三，碗、罐、盘等日用器物。近两年，市场中收藏最热门的是书房中用的印泥盒、笔架、笔筒等文房小摆件，其中以笔筒的价格升速最快。买一些康熙时期绘画水平比较高的香炉、笔筒等，比较有升值潜力。

　　三看工艺。在选购民窑瓷器时，要从它的工艺、装饰、窑火三个方面来考虑它的价位。纹饰因素方面，分为四个档次，即人物画第一，山水画第二，鸟兽花卉画第三，图案画第四。如嘉庆至道光时期的青花釉里红山水人物天球瓶，可以估12万元。在选择这类收藏品时，一定要选择文人气息比较浓、画法精细、器型完整的瓷器。

　　民窑瓷器中的明清民窑器型多样、画风活泼、题材广泛、笔法传神，比官窑更有欣赏趣味。相对于书画、邮票、竹木牙角等藏品更利于保存，更便于流通。以康熙“树叶款”青花开光娃娃罐为例，上世纪90年代中期，国内拍卖成交价在3000元左右，但在古玩市场上，可以远低于拍卖价的1500元买到手，而现在价位是20000元左右。再如清代雍正和乾隆年间直径28厘米左右的龙纹盘，上世纪90年代中期的拍卖成交价是500元，而现在品相、纹饰俱佳者至少要8000元才能到手。古瓷不能再生，收藏一件，流通就少一件；损坏一件，存世就少一件。从目前市场观察，这几年从农村乡镇进入城市古玩市场的明清民窑青花瓷器，在数量上已大大减少。想必过不多久，明清民窑青花瓷中的上品，将成为城市古玩店中的热门商品。目前，明清民窑瓷的价格相对很低，存在着很大的升值空间。

　　“真、善、美、少、精、奇”，永远是人们选藏古瓷的共性标准。民窑瓷器收藏品切忌多而滥，要少而精。精品则在于质高、物美和稀少，只有藏有高品位的民窑瓷器精品，才具有较大的增值空间。

来源：光明网

To choose the collections of porcelain kilns
Chinese ceramics have a long history and a long history. It is described by some people that the history of a Chinese ceramic is a history of Chinese civilization. Every page of the history of civilization has an inextricable connection with the development of ceramics. That is to say, every progress of Chinese civilization will find the shadow on the body of the ceramics. Such as the simple nature of the Qin and Han Dynasties, the Tang Dynasty porcelain ceramic forceful atmosphere, exquisite and reserved porcelain in Song Dynasty and a thriving, rich and colorful porcelain in the Yuan Dynasty, the Ming Dynasty porcelain carved rich porcelain in the Qing Dynasty, the Republic of China porcelain uneven in quality, is the embodiment of the social ideal, aesthetic taste and ability of science and technology, is the era of the most dazzling aura. This is the historical value of the collection of cultural relics. The determination of the value of the porcelain collection is to identify the quality and quality of a certain porcelain, so as to evaluate the artistic value and collection value of the porcelain. Identification of objects directly, mainly to see whether complete, whether there are cracks and deformation, and is not good for rare treasures, etc., to assess the level of art, collection value.
It has long been the year old porcelain, ranked first when pushing each Dynasty porcelain kiln, the highest among the "imperial kiln" and the first special ring component price, and thus the most collectible. Over the years, the market performance shows that the devices of the Ming Dynasty and the three generation of Qing Dynasty (Kangxi, Yong Zheng and Qian Long) are most popular in the market, and their current prices are generally 10 times to 100 times higher than that of a few years ago. Among them, such as Chenghua chicken bucket color cylinder cup, Kangxi Yong Zheng, cowpea glaze enamel bowl lotus, now the market price of millions of dollars or even thousands of yuan. For the majority of working-class folk ceramic enthusiasts of Yuan blue and white porcelain kiln in Ming and Qing Dynasties, the higher the thousands of yuan, is too expensive. So, the kilns boutique has become the most popular investment object.
The folk folk kilns, with respect to the court (court) the establishment of the kiln (kiln), is a non official business. With commodity production as the main production of porcelain kiln, are generally in order to meet the needs of domestic and foreign markets and daily-use porcelain porcelain, sales area is very wide. It was also before the Republic of China, which was the most prosperous of the two dynasties in the Ming and Qing Dynasties. "Products of passenger and freight, style and different kiln. Remove some limited production pattern and type, can be said that the civilian porcelain shape and decoration theme more free. In the Ming Dynasty, Jingdezhen has a large number of kilns, is the main body of China's ceramic kiln, the product is not much less than the thickness of kiln. There are a lot of famous Cizhouyao, Cuigong kiln, kiln, kiln, Xiao Nan Zhou pot kiln etc.. Types of kilns porcelain basically can be divided into three categories: one is the diet and daily life such as porcelain, plate, dish, bowl, pot, pot of poison, and the cool pillow, candlesticks etc.; two PET bottles, furnishings, such as vases, flower pots, hatstand, snuffboxes, statues, porcelain, plastic carved porcelain, cricket cans, incense; three is used for text, such as penholder, pen, pen, water, etc. Yu inron.
In the civilian porcelain, there are many painters is beautiful, simple and smooth, glaze crystal boutique. Although the kilns porcelain, but earlier, with a strong style of the times, but also has a good collection value and market potential.
Of the civilian porcelain to three to see: a look at the pattern. Look at the painting pattern is exquisite porcelain kilns, can be roughly divided into figures, landscapes, flowers and birds, simple animal pattern four grades. In various patterns with words than not with the value of no word, the price of poetry is higher. There are some special text style of folk kiln blue and white porcelain writing, its price is relatively high.
Two see the type. Divided into three grades, namely, first, furnishings and stationery; second, Buddhist sculptures, teapot and snuff bottle; third, bowls, pots and pans and other household items. In recent years, the market of the most popular is the study used inkpad box, pen holder, pen and other small room decoration, with the price of the most fast rising pen. Buy some Kangxi period painting level of high level of fragrant stove, pen, and so on, compare the potential of appreciation.
Three look at the process. In the purchase of porcelain kilns, three from the aspects of process, decoration, kiln its fire to consider its price. Decoration factors, is divided into four grades, namely the first figure painting, landscape painting and flower painting second, third, fourth drawings. Such as during Jiaqing and Daoguang period underglaze red figure vase can be used to evaluate the landscape, 120 thousand yuan. When choosing such collectibles, we must choose the rich, fine and complete porcelain of the literati.
Type of folk kilns porcelain diversity in the style, lively and varied, vivid brushwork, taste more than kiln. Compared with calligraphy and painting, stamps, bamboo and wood angle and other collections are more conducive to preservation, more convenient for circulation. Kangxi "leaves" blue and white light doll tank as an example, in the middle of 90s, the domestic auction price at around 3000 yuan, but in the antique market, 1500 yuan is far lower than the auction price of the purchase, but now the price is 20000 yuan. Again, the Qing emperor Yong Zheng and Qianlong 28 cm diameter dragon disc, on the century in the middle of the 90s auction price is 500 yuan, and now the product phase, superb ornamentation of at least 8000 yuan to hand. Porcelain not renewable, a collection, circulation less; damage to a world, a little. From the observation of the current market, the past few years from rural into the city antique market in the Ming and Qing Dynasties folk blue and white porcelain, has been greatly reduced in number.