俄罗斯国家历史博物馆藏十月革命文物展亮相国博

一个棕色长型旅行手提包，是列宁和夫人克鲁普斯卡娅流亡国外时装文件和衣物所使用的，他们在国外流亡长达15年，去过意大利、法国、波兰等12个国家；一件双排扣深灰带棕色的毛呢夹克，是1910年代列宁经常穿着的衣服，在回忆录中，别人这样描述他：“谦虚、整洁、有礼貌，但毫无修饰，在人群中毫不起眼。 ”

近日，由中国国家博物馆、俄罗斯国家历史博物馆联合推出的“纪念十月革命100周年——俄罗斯国家历史博物馆藏十月革命文物展”在中国国家博物馆举行。展览分为伟大的革命、人民的纪念、中苏友谊三个部分，既有表现革命瞬间的经典油画和雕塑，也有记录人民纪念革命、保卫革命政权的宣传画，以及反映中苏友好历史的文物共238件，其中包括了21位俄罗斯苏维埃联邦社会主义共和国功勋艺术家的杰作，大多数展品均为第一次来到中国。在2018年2月7日展览结束前，公众可以到国家博物馆北10展厅免费参观展览。

一场开天辟地的大事变

1917年，俄国处于严重危机状态下，第一次世界大战更加剧了国内阶级矛盾。前线的失利、数以百万计士兵的死亡和被俘，引起了普通士兵和部分军官的愤怒、后方的灰心丧气。他们对不论是战时还是和平年代，沙皇政府是否能够对国家进行有效管理产生了怀疑。在1917年初的几个月里，奋起反对君主制的派别中，不仅有自由民主运动的领袖，而且有爱国的大企业家、高级军事领导，甚至王室成员。

展览的第一部分便以“伟大的革命”为主题，展示了“阿芙乐尔”号巡洋舰舷窗、“十月革命万岁”旗帜等珍贵文物和20余张描绘十月革命的经典历史画作，其中包括：勃罗茨基的《1917年5月列宁在普基洛夫工厂工人大会演讲》 、谢洛夫的《列宁在全俄苏维埃第二次代表大会上讲话》 、格拉西莫夫的《列宁在讲坛上》 、索科洛夫·斯卡利亚创作的《向冬宫突击》等经典历史题材绘画作品。此外，还展出了系列1和明信片，它们是1917年2月至10月独特的大事记，展示了革命事件在俄罗斯两个主要城市彼得格勒和莫斯科的紧张节奏。

据介绍，“阿芙乐尔”号巡洋舰是俄国海军的三大著名战舰之一。1917年11月，在布尔什维克的争取下，“阿芙乐尔”号成为革命的重要力量。7日晚10时，“阿芙乐尔”号向冬宫打出了第一炮。炮声响过4个小时后，临时政府部长们被逮捕，十月革命取得了胜利。此次展览的舷窗就是这段历史最好的见证。

马特维·根利霍维奇·马尼泽尔则根据列宁在彼得格勒的演讲，创作了雕塑《列宁在装甲车上》 。表现了1917年4月3日，列宁从瑞士回到彼得格勒，在车站受到工人和海陆军士兵热烈欢迎的场景。列宁登上装甲车的炮塔上，像迎接他的人们作了简短而充满激情的演讲，并高呼“社会主义革命万岁！ ”作品造型完整，艺术语言简练，具有深刻的思想性。

《列宁在装甲车上》  马特维·根利霍维奇·马尼泽尔

马尼泽尔是苏联人民艺术家、三次斯大林奖金获得者。他擅长创作大型雕塑纪念碑、圆雕和高浮雕，作品造型完整，艺术语言简练，具有深刻的思想性。这件雕塑创作于1924年，表现了1917年4月3日，列宁回到彼得格勒，在车站受到群众热烈欢迎，并发表演讲的情景。

一次翻天覆地的历史巨变

十月革命胜利后，为欢庆这个国家的最重要的节日，街头、企业、机构都出现了内容丰富、主题多样的海报。“人民的纪念”部分展出了从十月革命后到20世纪80年代末创作的宣传海报和纪念性文物，展现十月革命以后人民对革命的纪念，其中也反映了苏联的历史大事件、社会发展和生活情景。这些海报包括摩尔的《你参加志愿军了吗？ 》 、托依泽的《祖国母亲在呼唤！ 》 、柯列茨基的《为了苏联政权！ 》 ，以及由卢克列夫斯基设计的第一部反映十月革命的电影《十月》宣传海报等。艺术家用极具张力的视觉图像和简洁的结构处理，通过最大的语言表现力和极度的清晰性，使海报成为苏联历史大事件的大众宣传工具。

列宁曾经说过：“首先应该特别的尖锐，图画和宣传画之间的差异，也就在于宣传画的一切都应该凝聚而集中，本来只有集中起来的、典型的事物，才能给人以强烈的印象。 ”十月革命后，德米特里·斯塔西耶维奇·摩尔创作了以鼓动性形象著称，表现巨大的集中力量，惊人的、令人难忘的宣传画。他1920年创作的《你参加志愿军了吗？ 》达到了当时苏俄国内宣传画技巧的顶峰。画中央是一位年轻的红军战士，他右手直指观众，目光注视着他们，发出一个具有强大号召力量的严肃问题：“你参加志愿军了吗？ ”他面部表情坚毅，目光愤怒又充满激情，有力地表现了消灭外国武装干涉者和国内反动势力、捍卫年轻的苏维埃共和国的决心。

从摩尔的这幅作品看来，他实践了列宁的指示。宣传画的语言简而意尽并极度明确，画家舍去了次要的东西，而专门提取可以加强形象的典型力量的东西。比如红军战士形象突出，几乎占据了整个画面，红、黑两种颜色，更是醒目而有冲击力。红军战士背后的工厂和冒着烟的烟囱，它们象征着和平时期的劳动，说明新生的苏维埃正在着手恢复战争的创伤。简明的语言，读起来容易上口，更是充满了号召力。

《1917年5月列宁在普基洛夫工厂工人大会演讲》 伊萨克·伊兹赖列维奇·勃罗茨基

在普基洛夫工厂大会上，列宁号召工人们为反对资本家和地主而斗争。画作的创作者勃罗茨基曾跟随列宾学习，其作品以严格的、精确的、细致的素描功力见长。画作中，勃罗茨基尝试将“领袖至上主义哲学”表现为领袖和人民的团结。

一段中俄友好的真挚纪念

十月革命爆发后，中国革命先行者孙中山先生致电苏俄政府和列宁，表示“愿中俄两党团结共同斗争” ，北京大学教授李大钊发表了《庶民的胜利》 《布尔什维主义的胜利》等文章，热烈歌颂十月革命和马克思主义。十月革命开启了苏维埃俄国在经济、社会和文化领域的一系列巨大变革，为中国送来了马克思列宁主义，也深刻改变了人类历史发展进程，使世界无产阶级革命进入了崭新的时代。

“中苏友谊”板块反映了从十月革命后到20世纪末中苏、中俄友好交往的内容。包括北洋政府代表团送给列宁的礼物、孙中山为列宁逝世一周年书写的哀悼词、毛泽东访苏时送给斯大林的70岁生日礼物和斯大林别墅中的物品、斯大林的元帅制服和私人用品，以及纪念中国和俄罗斯、哈萨克斯坦、吉尔吉斯斯坦、塔吉克斯坦五国之间关于加强边境地区军事领域信任协定的签署制作的浮雕板等。

中国革命先行者孙中山和俄国无产阶级革命领袖列宁是没见过面的忠诚朋友，他们是中俄两国人民伟大的革命友谊的缔造者。1921年1月21日，列宁逝世。孙中山得知这一噩耗，万分悲痛，发表讲话号召大家学习列宁的革命精神。在列宁逝世一周年时，孙中山为纪念和缅怀这位世界上第一个社会主义国家的缔造者，在绸面上书写哀悼词：“革命之真意义为求最大多数人类之解放与自由，列宁于此得大成功。 ”

“此次展览力图通过极其珍贵的历史文物、真实的历史1、精彩的美术作品，向观众展现一段波澜壮阔的伟大革命斗争、一次翻天覆地的历史巨变、一段中俄友好的佳话。同时，加深中俄两国人民的相互了解，加强中俄博物馆界的文化交流。 ”中国国家博物馆馆长吕章申表示，在100年后的今天，当我们再度在更广阔的时空里思考十月革命的价值时候，更能领会到：中华民族继续沿着社会主义道路胜利前进，最重要的就是要把习近平新时代中国特色社会主义思想，贯穿在为实现“两个一百年”奋斗目标和中华民族伟大复兴中国梦的全部进程中，进而为实现人类命运共同体作出更大的贡献。

来源：央视网

The National Museum of history of Russia is hidden in the October revolutionary cultural relics exhibition

A long brown travel handbag, Lenin and his wife Krupskaya in exile fashion and clothing file used by their exile for 15 years in foreign countries, has been to Italy, France, Poland and other 12 countries; a double breasted with dark brown wool jacket, 1910s Lenin often wears clothes, in his memoirs in others, described him: "modest, clean, polite, but there is no modification in the crowd, the humble."

Recently, the 100th anniversary commemoration of the October revolution, the October National Museum of Tibetan revolution, held in National Museum, China, was jointly launched by the Chinese National Museum and the Russian National Museum of history. The exhibition is divided into three parts of the great revolution, people's Memorial, the Sino Soviet friendship, as well as the revolutionary moment of classical painting and sculpture, there are records of people to commemorate the revolution, to defend the revolutionary regime propaganda, and reflect the Sino Soviet friendship historical relic of a total of 238, including 21 Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic meritorious artist's masterpiece, most of the exhibits are for the first time to China. Before the end of the February 7, 2018 exhibition, the public can visit the exhibition at the 10 exhibition hall in the north of National Museum for free.

An event that the creation of the world

In 1917, Russia was in a state of serious crisis, and the first World War played a more important role in the domestic class contradictions. The loss of the frontline, the death and the capture of millions of soldiers, caused the anger of the ordinary soldiers and some officers, and the disgrace in the rear. They doubted whether the Czar government could manage the country effectively, whether in time of war or in peace. In the first few months of 1917, there were not only the leaders of the liberal democratic movement, but also patriotic entrepreneurs, senior military leaders and even royalty members.

The first part of the exhibit is a "Great Revolution" as the theme, show the "Aurora" cruiser sidescuttles, "October revolution long live" banner of treasures, and more than 20 picture of the October revolution of the classic historical paintings, including: Bo Lhotzky's "Lenin in May 1917 general Kirov factory workers congress speech", Serov "Lenin in the all Russian Congress the second times on Gerasimov's speech", "Lenin" in the pulpit, the creation of Sokolov Scalia's "surprise" to the Winter Palace classic history theme paintings. In addition, also presents a series of photographs and postcards from February 1917 to October, they are unique events, show the revolutionary events in the intense pace of two major Russian city of Petrograd and moscow.

According to reports, the "Aurora" cruiser is one of the three famous Russian Navy warships. In November 1917, Bull J Vic fight, "Aurora" has become an important force of the revolution. 7 on the evening of 10, "Aurora", got the first shot to Winter Palace. Guns over 4 hours later, the interim government ministers were arrested in the October revolution to victory. The exhibition is sidescuttles this period of history the best witness.

According to Matvey Gelikhovichi Manizel Lenin's speech in Petrograd, creating a sculpture of "Lenin" on armored car. Performance in April 3, 1917, Lenin returned to Petrograd from Switzerland, at the station by the workers and soldiers welcomed the sea scene. Lenin boarded the turret of the armored car, giving a brief and passionate speech to the people who met him and shouting "long live the socialist revolution!" The works are complete in shape, simple in artistic language and profound in ideology.

"Lenin on the armored car" Matvey Gelikhovichi Manizel

Mani Georgi was the Soviet people's artist and the three Stalin prize winner. He is good at creating a large sculpture monument, sculpture and other works of integrity, high relief, art language concise, with profound thought. This sculpture was created in 1924, the April 3, 1917, Lenin returned to Petrograd, warmly welcomed by the masses in the station, and speech scene.

A huge historical change

After the victory of the October revolution, in order to celebrate the most important festival in this country, the streets, enterprises and institutions have appeared rich and diverse poster. The commemorative part of the people exhibited posters and commemorative cultural relics created from the October revolution to the end of 1980s, showing the commemoration of the revolution after the October revolution, which also reflected the Soviet historical events, social development and life scenes. These posters include Moore's "do you join the volunteer army?" "The mother of the motherland is calling!" "", kirssky's "for the Soviet regime!" "And the first film" October ", which was designed by Luke Levski, was the first film to reflect the October revolution. The artist uses highly stressed visual images and concise structure to make posters a public propaganda tool for the great events of the Soviet Union through the greatest expressive power and extreme clarity.

Lenin once said, "first, we should be particularly sharp. The difference between pictures and posters is that all the poster paintings should be concentrated and concentrated. Only those typical things can be strongly impressed." After the October revolution, Dmitri Stasiyevich Moore created an amazing and memorable poster, which is famous for its inspiring image. He wrote in 1920, "did you join the volunteer army?" It reached the peak of the Chinese propaganda and painting techniques at that time. In the middle of the picture is a young Red Army soldier. His right hand is directly at the audience. He looks at them and sends out a serious question with strong calling power: "have you joined the volunteers?" His facial expression is firm and resolute, his eyes are furious and passionate. He strongly expresses his determination to exterminate foreign armed interventionist and domestic reactionary forces and defend the young Soviet Republic.

In the view of Moore's work, he has practiced Lenin's instructions. Posters of the language and meaning as Jane and extremely clear, painters abandoned minor things, and special forces can enhance the extraction of typical image. For example, the Red Army warrior's image is prominent, almost occupied the whole picture, red and black two colors, more striking and impact. The factories behind the Red Army soldiers and smoked chimneys symbolize the labor in peacetime, which means that the new Soviet is fighting to restore the trauma of war. A concise language is easy to read and is full of appeal.