用教材为学生打好“中国底色”

2017年8月31日，安徽合肥少儿艺术学校一年级学生在开学预备课上熟悉新编语文教材。 　　新华社记者 张 端摄

　　“课程修订是龙头，龙头舞起来，教材、教学、考试、评价等组成的龙身、龙尾才能摆起来。龙头舞起来，龙身动起来，龙尾摆起来，才能充分发挥综合育人的作用。”在普通高中课程方案和课程标准审议会上，教育部部长陈宝生的一段话，生动阐释了课程修订与教育的关系，强调了课程修订的重要性。

　　新修订的高中课程方案和各学科课程标准已于近日颁布实施，这是时隔15年之后，教育部对高中课程的再次修订。新课程在文本结构、内容及实施要求等方面进行了改进和完善，特别是在加强中华优秀传统文化教育、凝练学科核心素养、明确学业质量要求、与“新高考”有序衔接等方面引发了广泛关注与好评。

　　这次高中课程的修订，连同2017年9月投入使用的新修订的义务教育三科统编教材一道，成为自2017年7月国家教材委员会成立以来，教育领域备受关注的大事。

　　课程教材是学校教育教学的基本依据，是育人育才的重要载体，教育思想和理念、人才培养的目标和要求等，都集中体现在课程教材中。培养有理想、有本领、有担当的“时代新人”，必须要充分发挥课程教材的核心作用。从这个意义上说，一门课标的出台、一本教材的问世，是国家事权的落实，也是国家意志的体现。

　　那么，在不同社会思潮、不同教育思想激荡、碰撞的时代，课程教材如何做到更好地体现国家意志，弘扬正确价值导向，发挥在人才培养环节中的统领作用，帮助广大青少年学生从小打上中国底色，植入红色基因，担当起民族复兴大任？这些深刻的命题，成为摆在每一位教材编审工作者和全体教育工作者面前的时代课题。

　　我国教材建设史上的一件大事

　　中国特色社会主义进入了新时代，课程教材建设工作也面临着新使命、新任务：

　　如何提升课程教材的思想性、科学性、民族性、时代性和系统性，全面提高课程教材的质量；如何推动大中小学教材整体建设，逐步形成与建设教育强国相匹配的具有中国特色、世界一流的课程教材体系；如何推进教材建设理念、机制、方法创新，在继承中发展……

　　记者了解到，改革开放以来，特别是党的十八大以来，课程教材建设扎实推进，体系门类逐步健全，质量水平不断提升，同时，在新形势新要求下，也面临着新的挑战。

　　在这样的背景下，2016年10月，新中国成立以来第一个关于整体推进教材建设的中央文件《关于加强和改进新形势下大中小学教材建设的意见》印发，对推动大中小学教材建设做出了全面部署。2017年7月，国家教材委员会正式成立，负责指导和统筹全国教材工作。这一机构的组建，在新中国教材建设史上尚属首次，管总、把关、协调是其所负职责的三大关键词；管总，即管规划、管制度、管保障；把关，即把好课程标准和意识形态属性较强的教材思想关、理念关、科学关；协调，即推动部门协调联动形成合力。

　　国家教材委员会设部门委员和专家委员，同时，按照学科专业和学段，设置了大中小学德育一体化、思想政治、高校哲学社会科学（马工程）、语文、历史、科学等10个专家委员会，成员涵盖学科专家、课程和教科研专家、一线教师。

　　“这是我国教材建设史上的一件大事。青少年是国家的未来和希望，是今后承担中华民族伟大复兴重任的生力军。集中力量抓好教材建设，为他们的健康成长成才提供更高质量的教材，是办好人民满意的教育的战略工程、基础工程。”国家教材委员会委员顾海良谈道。

　　同样在2017年，教育部设立了教材局、组建了课程教材研究所，建设了包括6000多名专家的大中小学教材编审专家库。以国家教材委员会为统领，专家委员会、教材局、课程教材研究所等各司其职、紧密配合的“多位一体”教材工作组织体系已然成形。

　　为学生扣好人生的第一粒扣子

　　2017年秋季开学，全国所有义务教育阶段中小学起始年级的“语文”“历史”“道德与法治”三个科目采用国家统编教材。此后逐步推开，到2019年，统编教材使用将覆盖义务教育阶段所有年级。

　　16开大小的书页上，“天地人”“你我他”6个黑色楷体字分两行横在正中间，占据了纸张的1/3，其他部分几乎全部留白。2017年秋季新学期的第一节语文识字课，吉林大学附属小学一年级的“小豆包”们捧着新的语文课本，跟着教师耿玉苗学习这6个生字，字的周围没有拼音。原来的拼音学习被挪到一个月之后。看似简单的调序，折射出的是把汉字、汉语摆到第一位的编写思路，打好“中国底色”的价值观被强化。不仅是语文，对于新入学的小学一年级和初中一年级的学生来说，他们的思想品德也换上了新编教材《道德与法治》，顾名思义，新教材讲求“德”，也重视“法”，突出德法兼修。北京师范大学教育学部教授、道德与法治教材总主编朱小蔓说，青少年成长时期是法治意识正在生长的时期，德育教材要把这个法治突出出来。

　　新编初中《历史》教材特别注重体现国家新认知，“14年抗战”“东方主战场”等内容在教材中都有新体现，且论从史出、史论结合，既促进学生了解和热爱祖国的历史和文化，增强爱国主义情感，又注重培养学生的唯物史观。

　　采访中，记者了解到，为了完成好统编教材的编写和审定，几百位专家付出了艰苦努力。

　　教材编写是一个不断吸收意见、不断修改、不断完善的过程。初中《道德与法治》九年级教材主编、复旦大学教授高国希回忆：“教材编写时，征求了国家教育咨询委员会、马工程咨询委员等百余位专家和相关部委的意见，国家教材委员会委员对教材进行了全面审读和会议审查，党的十九大召开之后，结合大会精神再次修改。”

　　人民教育出版社编审朱明光是道德与法治教材的审议专家，与编写者相比，他的工作同样不轻松，不仅要参与教材编写过程中的多次研讨，还要在审议过程中负责任地提出科学意见，“让我印象最为深刻的，是整个教材编、审的机制设计十分科学，分工明确，先后召开了20多次会商会议，共有900多人次参加审议审查工作。”

　　“教材在提交国家教材委员会会议审查前，每一位委员都事先进行了全面审读。会议审查时，50多位委员从各个角度充分发表意见。会后，教育部根据审查意见组织编写组修改后，再次征求所有委员意见。” 国家教材委员会委员韩震回忆。

　　同样，高中课标的修订和审议过程也十分艰苦。依托260余名各领域专家学者、一线优秀管理者、教研员和骨干教师，组建起一支结构合理的高水平专家队伍。在开展实地调研和国际比较研究的基础上，多次征求各部门意见和各方面专家意见，并在浙江、甘肃等5省（市）4万余名学生中组织开展大规模测试工作，在北京、海南等8个省（区、市）10所学校进行模拟选课走班。最终，在经过了几轮专家的审议并反复修改后，由国家教材委员会审查通过。

　　教材是“大家小学”。为了编出更好的教材，为学生扣好人生第一粒扣子，每一位编审专家都必须要精编细选、字斟句酌。

　　教材要经得起实践、人民、历史的检验

　　教材编写使用是国之大事、民之关切。

　　在推进义务教育三科统编教材和高中课程修订工作的同时，按照党的十九大精神全面修订各类课程教材、印发义务教育小学科学课程标准、颁布中小学综合实践活动课程指导纲要、启动普通高中三科统编教材编写、加快推进马工程重点教材编审用工作、针对社会和网民关切即时作出回应……2017年，在国家教材委员会成立的元年，大中小学教材建设呈现出新的气象。

　　当然，目前的教材建设工作还面临着许多新的期待、新的诉求，需要不断实现新的突破。

　　“在基本解决‘有学上’之后，人民群众对‘上好学’的需求日益强烈，对教育质量提出了更高要求，对教材内容、质量也提出了更高要求。社会各界对教材高度关注，有担心，更有期盼。这需要每一位教材建设工作者科学严谨、精益求精，用更大的力气编好、用好每一本教材。”采访中，几乎每一位教材的编写和审查专家都表达了这样的观点。

　　国家教材委员会委员王湛认为：“如何进一步推动大中小学教材，特别是德育教材的有机衔接；如何进一步加强教材各环节的监管，使教材建设规范有序；如何加强教材研究，使教材建设适应时代发展，为教材建设提供理论支持和决策依据；如何适应技术手段的进步，在教材编写的过程中，既不被技术‘绑架’，又能科学合理地体现新技术对于课程组织的积极作用，这些都是今后教材建设需要认真思考的问题。”

　　“未来，要把好思想政治关、专业学术关和改革方向关。一方面要确保党的教育方针和社会主义核心价值观在课程教材中得到全面有效的体现；另一方面，要确保课程教材既立足学术前沿、符合科学规律，又贴近学生思想、学习和生活实际，符合学生认知特点和身心发展规律；此外，要注重课程教材的时代性、系统性，体现新时代的教育理念，顺应教育教学改革的趋势，为教育领域综合改革提供有力支撑。”教育部教材局局长郑富芝介绍了教材工作下一步的努力方向。

　　让每一本教材经得起实践、人民和历史的检验这一初心，激励着每一位教材工作者砥砺前行。

来源：人民网

Use textbooks for students to make "Chinese bottom color"

In August 31, 2017, first grade students in Hefei children's art school in Anhui were familiar with the new language textbooks in the preparatory course.

Xinhua News Agency reporter Zhang Duan

"Curriculum revision is bibcock, bibcock dance, teaching materials, teaching, examination, evaluation and other components of the body and tail to swing up. Dragon dance, dragon move, tail swing, in order to give full play to the comprehensive role of educating people." In the general high school curriculum plan and curriculum standard deliberation meeting, a speech by Chen Baosheng, the Minister of education, vividly explained the relationship between curriculum revision and education, and emphasized the importance of curriculum revision.

The new revised high school curriculum and curriculum standards have recently been promulgated and implemented, which is 15 years after the revision of the high school curriculum by the Ministry of education. The new curriculum in the text structure, content and implementation requirements are improved, especially in strengthening the education of Chinese traditional culture, the core of literacy, academic discipline concise clear quality requirements, and the new entrance orderly convergence etc. caused widespread concern and praise.

Revision of the school curriculum, together with the newly revised in September 2017 put into use of the compulsory education textbooks become a three, since July 2017 the state textbook Commission since its inception, has attracted much attention in the field of education affairs.

Curriculum material is the basic basis of school education and teaching. It is an important carrier of educating talents. Education thoughts and ideas, talents training objectives and requirements are all embodied in curriculum materials. It is necessary to give full play to the core role of the curriculum materials in order to cultivate ideal, talented and responsible "new people of the times". In this sense, the introduction of a curriculum standard and the advent of a textbook are the implementation of the state's power and the embodiment of the state's will.

So, in different social thoughts and different educational thoughts surges, the collision time, how to make curriculum better reflect the will of the state, carry forward the correct value orientation, play in training in the guiding role to help young students from the bottom on the Chinese red color, implanted gene, plays a great rejuvenation of the nation? These profound proposition, become the topic of the times before every materials pipeline workers and all the educational workers.

A major event in the history of China's textbook construction

The socialism with Chinese characteristics has entered a new era, and the construction of curriculum teaching materials also faces new missions and new tasks.

Philosophy and science, nationality, age and how to improve the curriculum system, and comprehensively improve the quality of teaching material of middle and primary school textbooks; how to promote the overall construction, gradually formed a match with the construction of education has China characteristics, world class curriculum system; how to promote the construction of teaching material concept, mechanism and method innovation and development in succession......

Reporters learned that since the reform and opening up, especially since the eighteen Party's Congress, the construction of curriculum materials has been steadily promoted, and the quality of the system has been steadily improving. At the same time, under the new situation and new requirements, new challenges are also facing.

In October 2016, in this context, the first since the founding of new China on the overall advancement of the textbook construction of central document "on the strengthening and opinion" middle and primary school textbooks to improve under the new situation issued, made a comprehensive plan to promote the construction of middle and primary school textbooks. In July 2017, the National Committee for teaching materials was formally established to guide and co-ordinate the work of the national textbooks. The formation of this institution, it is in the new Chinese textbooks for the first time in history, total control, coordination, tube is three keywords its duties; the total planning, namely the tube pipe, tube, pipe system security checks; that is a good curriculum standards and strong ideological property thought, idea, textbook Science; coordination, promote coordination linkage to form a joint force.

The state department member textbook Commission and the Committee of experts, at the same time, in accordance with the discipline and study period, set up a large primary school moral education integration, ideological politics, philosophy and Social Sciences in Universities (Ma Gongcheng), Chinese, history, science and other 10 members of the Committee of experts, including experts, science curriculum and teaching and research experts and teachers.

"This is a major event in the history of China's textbook construction. Young people are the future and hope of the country, and are the new forces to undertake the great rejuvenation of the Chinese nation in the future. We should concentrate our efforts on teaching material construction, provide higher quality textbooks for their healthy growth and become a strategic and basic project for people's satisfactory education. The state textbook committee member Gu Hailiang said.

Also in 2017, the Ministry of education established the Materials Bureau, set up the curriculum and Teaching Materials Research Institute, the construction of teaching material of primary and middle schools and the expert database includes more than 6000 experts. With the national teaching material Committee as the leader, the expert committee, the Teaching Material Bureau, the curriculum teaching material research institute and so on, and closely cooperate with the "multi in one" teaching material work organization system has been formed.

The first button to buckle the life for the students

The 2017 fall semester, all compulsory education stage school starting grade of "Chinese" "history" "morality and law" in three subjects by national textbooks. Then gradually pushed to 2019, will cover the use of textbooks of compulsory education for all students.

16 the size of the page, "heaven and earth" "you and me" 6 Black italics two lines cross in the middle, occupy the 1/3 of paper, the other part of almost all white. The new term of the autumn of 2017

Chinese literacy classes, the primary school affiliated to Jilin University the first grade of the bean bag are holding the new textbooks, followed by teacher Geng Yumiao to study these 6 words, no Pinyin word around. The original phonetic learning was moved to a month. It seems that the simple order of regulation reflects the writing idea of putting Chinese characters and Chinese into the first place, and the values of "Chinese bottom color" have been strengthened. Not only is the language for the new school the first grade primary school and junior high school the first grade students, their ideological and moral is also put on the textbook "morality and law", as the name suggests, the new textbook emphasizes "Virtue", also attaches great importance to the "law", and prominent German law. Zhu Xiaoman, the editor in chief of the Ministry of education and the textbook of ethics and rule of law, said that during the growing period of youth, the rule of law consciousness is growing. Moral education textbooks should highlight the rule of law.

The new junior high school textbook "history" especially focuses on the national new cognition, "14 year war" and "Oriental main battlefield" content in the textbook are reflected, and the history and theory and the combination of history, not only promote students to understand and love the motherland's history and culture, enhance the patriotic feelings, but also pay attention to the cultivation of students the historical materialism.

During the interview, the reporter learned that, in order to complete the preparation and approval of textbooks, hundreds of experts have worked hard.

The compilation of teaching materials is a continuous process of absorbing opinions, constantly revising and improving. Junior high school "morality and law" nine grade textbook editor, Fudan University professor Gao Guoxi recalls: "the textbook, for the State Council, education consulting engineering consulting committee Ma hundreds of experts and relevant ministries, members of the National Committee conducted a comprehensive textbook review and review of conference materials, nineteen Party Congress, according to the spirit of the general assembly to amend."

People's education press Zhu Mingguang experts to consider morality and law textbooks, compared with the writer, his work is also not easy, not only to participate in the discussion process of compiling teaching materials, but also responsible to propose the scientific views in the review process, "I was most impressed by, is the mechanism design of the textbook, the trial is very scientific, clear division of labor, has held 20 times conference, a total of more than 900 people participated in the examination work."

"In the textbook materials submitted to the National Review Committee meeting, every member had conducted a comprehensive review. At the time of the review, more than 50 members fully expressed their views from various angles. After the meeting, the Ministry of education, on the basis of the revision of the compilation of the compiling group, will seek the opinions of all members again. " Han Zhen, a member of the National Textbook Committee, recalls.

Similarly, the process of revising and reviewing high school curriculum standards is also very difficult. Relying on more than 260 experts and scholars in various fields, excellent managers, teaching and research staff and key teachers, a high level expert team with reasonable structure has been formed. Based on the comparative study to carry out field research and international, has repeatedly sought the views of various departments and experts in various fields, and in Zhejiang, Gansu and other 5 provinces (city) organization of more than 4 students to carry out large-scale testing work in 8 provinces of Beijing and Hainan (autonomous regions and municipalities) 10 schools were simulated elective classes. Finally, after several rounds of experts' deliberations and repeated revisions, it was examined and passed by the National Textbook Committee.

The textbook is "primary school". In order to make a better teaching materials for students to buckle the first button, every editor must choose expert fine words.

The teaching material must stand up to the test of practice, the people and the history

The use of teaching materials is a major event of the country and the concern of the people.

In advance of compulsory education and high school textbooks, curriculum revision work at the same time, in accordance with the spirit of the party's nineteen comprehensive revision all kinds of textbooks, the issuance of compulsory education in primary school science curriculum standards promulgated, comprehensive practical activities in primary and secondary school curriculum guidelines for the start of the high school textbooks, three writing, accelerating the Ma engineering key teaching materials editing work, for use an immediate response to the concerns of Internet users and society...... In 2017, in the first year of the founding of the National Textbook Committee, the construction of teaching materials for primary and secondary schools showed a new atmosphere.

Of course, the current construction of teaching materials is still facing many new expectations and new demands, and we need to achieve new breakthroughs.

After basically solving the problem of learning, people's demand for "good learning" is increasingly strong. They put forward higher requirements for the quality of education, and put forward higher requirements for the content and quality of teaching materials. All walks of life are concerned about the teaching materials, and are more anxious and more expected. This requires every textbook construction worker to be rigorous and rigorous, and to make up every textbook with greater strength. " In the interview, almost every textbook compiling and censorship experts expressed this view.

The National Textbook Committee Wang Zhan said: "how to further promote the middle and primary school textbooks, especially the organic convergence of Moral Textbooks; how to further strengthen the supervision of all aspects of teaching materials, the teaching material construction orderly; how to strengthen the research of teaching materials, teaching material construction to adapt to the era of development, to provide theoretical support and decision-making basis for the construction of teaching materials; how to adapt to technology the advancement of the course, neither was' kidnapped ', and technology to scientific and reasonable to reflect the positive role of new technology for curriculum organization, these are the need to seriously consider the issue in the future construction of teaching materials."

"In the future, we must keep a good mind and politics,