长知识丨中国戏曲的行当

“同光十三绝”（沈容圃绘）

    戏曲的角色分为不同的行当，是戏曲的一种特有的表演体制。有人认为行当是戏曲演员的分工；有人认为是戏曲表演技巧类型化的表现。其实，二者兼而有之。从内容上说，行当是戏曲表演中艺术化、规范化了的人物类型；从形式上说，又是带有一定性格色彩的表演程式分类系统。它既是形象系统，又是程式系统，两者相互联系，又有所区别。

    戏曲形成初期，就有了简单的行当划分，不过那时不叫行当，而叫“脚色”。“脚色”与现在的“角色”含义不同，现在所说的角色，作人物讲，不是行当的意思。行当两个字怎样解释？行是行业之意，指的是专门扮演某种角色的一种行业，或是专门从事表现某些特定角色的行业。当，是“应工”之意，就是在本身行业范围之内，应该承担的工作任务，亦即用最准确、最适当的方法，来表现某些特定类型的角色，此谓之“当”。行当合在一起，就是具备某种专门技术，用来表现某些特定类型的角色的行业。

    行当来源于生活，划分行当自有其生活依据。在生活里，根据人们的性别、年龄、性格、身份、职业以及面貌、形体的特征等，把社会上不同的人群，概括地划分为各种不同的类型人物。比如我们常说的老大爷、老大娘，或老头、老婆，就分辨出了人的性别与年龄。如果说倔老头子，就把性格加上去了。如果说苦老婆子，就把社会地位和所处环境加上去了。如按职业划分，则有当官的、当兵的、手艺人、念书的、做小买卖的、赶大车的等等。如按形体特征划分，则有黑大个、矮胖子、浓眉大眼、尖嘴猴腮、虎背熊腰等等。在生活里这样划分，是为了人们彼此之间便于认识，便于理解。把人们用比较形象化的具体的词概括出来，可以迅速地缩小彼此认识和理解的范围。在生活里能够这样概括地划分，在舞台上为什么不可以更规范、更艺术地进行分类划分呢？行当划分的目的和作用即在于此。

    舞台上某个人物一出场，通过这个角色所属行当的特点，包括化妆、服装、表演和声音上的特点，观众立刻就对这个人物的“共性”有所认识和理解，然后再通过演员的具体表演和台词，逐步加深对人物性格的认识和理解，这就是戏曲塑造人物的特殊表现方法。

    戏曲划分行当以后，对于演员，可以按照行当的要求，集中地学习、掌握演唱和表演的特点。对于观众，熟悉行当的特点以后，就可以更便捷地了解角色的性格特征，同时也能更好地欣赏演员的舞台艺术。

    大约在七八百年以前，元杂剧时代，就划分出一些行当（脚色），不过不如现在科学、细密。当时大致分成末、旦、净三大类。末与净扮演男性角色，旦扮演女性角色。末又分为正末、外末、冲末。旦又分为正旦、外旦、搽旦。净又分为净与副净。其中扮演主要角色的是正末和正旦。等到明末清初，昆曲盛行的时候，行当的划分就日益细密精确，当时已经划分为十二种脚色（行当），被称为“江湖十二脚色”：老生、正生（相当于小生）、老外、末、正旦、小旦（相当于闺门旦）、贴旦、老旦、大面（相当于净）、二面（相当于副净）、三面（相当于丑）、杂。这些脚色在艺术上都有独特的创造。在戏曲剧种中，京剧的行当是划分得最细致的，在京剧以前，对于京剧行当影响最大的，应该说是汉剧。汉剧共分为十种行当：一末，二净，三生，四旦，五丑，六外，七小，八贴，九伕，十杂。这十种行当所扮演角色的内容是这样：末是主要的男性角色，就是京剧的生行；净是花脸；旦是女角色；贴是贴旦的简称，是比较次要的旦行角色，俗称二旦；外是老年男性角色；伕、杂，扮演车夫、轿夫、马童、衙役一类角色。汉剧的十种行当，划分得已较细致，为京剧划分行当打下了基础。京剧后来划分为生、旦、净、丑四大类型，似较简化，但在每个大类之中，又包含若干小类，不仅把这十种行当都包括在内，而且更为细密严谨。唯一不同的是汉剧虽然有了生行，可主要行当仍和元杂剧一样，还是末，而不是生。发展到京剧，生行就成为主要行当了。

Long knowledge of Chinese opera

With the thirteen most "(Shen Rongpu painted)

The role of the opera is divided into different acts, which is a unique performance system of the opera. Some people think that it is the division of the opera performers; some people think that it is the manifestation of the type of opera performance techniques. In fact, the two are both. In terms of content, business is the artistic and standardized character type in theatrical performance. In form, it is a performance classification system with certain characteristics. It is not only an image system, but also a program system. The two are interconnected and different.

At the beginning of the formation of the opera, there was a simple division of the line, but at that time it was not called the line, but called the "foot color". "Foot color" is different from the meaning of the present "role". The role it is now said is not the meaning of the character. How do you explain the two words? Business is an industry, a profession that specializes in a role, or an industry that specializes in certain specific roles. When it comes to the meaning of "work", it is the task that should be undertaken within the scope of its industry, that is, the most accurate and appropriate way to show certain types of roles. Together, it is an industry with some specific technology to show certain types of roles.

It comes from life, and the Division has its own basis for life. In life, according to people's gender, age, personality, identity, occupation and appearance, shape characteristics, we divide the different social groups into different kinds of characters. For example, the old master, the old lady, the old man and the wife, which we often say, tell the sex and age of the person. If the stubborn old man, the character add up. If a poor old woman, social status and environment add up to. In terms of professional division, there are officials, soldiers, craftsmen, books, small business, big cars, and so on. According to the physical characteristics of division, has a black, short and fat, and so on, a wretched appearance, with big eyes and bushy eyes. This division in life is for people to understand and understand each other easily. It can quickly narrow the scope of mutual understanding and understanding by summarizing people with specific words which are more visualized. Can it be categorized in a general way in life, why not be more standardized and more artistic on the stage? The purpose and function of the division of the line lies in this.

On the stage of a character appearance, characteristics of business is through this role, including makeup, clothing, performances and sound, the audience immediately on the character of "common" understanding and understanding, and then through the actors and the specific performance, gradually increase the depth of character recognition and understanding this is a special performance of opera, shaping the way of characters.

After the operas are divided, the actors can concentrate on the characteristics of singing and performing in accordance with the requirements of the actors. For the audience, after being familiar with the characteristics of the act, it can be more convenient to understand the character characteristics of the character, and at the same time, it can also appreciate the stage art of the actor better.

About seven hundred or eight hundred years ago, the Yuan Dynasty, the era of the drama, a number of lines (foot), but not as scientific and fine. At that time it was roughly divided into three categories: the end, the denier and the net. The end and the net play a male role and play the female role. The end is divided into the end, the end and the end. Once again, it is divided into Dan, chadan. The net is divided into the net and assisting. Which plays the main role and is at the end of the Lunar New Year's day. Wait until the end of the Ming Dynasty, when the Kunqu Opera is prevalent, the trade division is fine precision, was divided into twelve part (business), known as the "Twelve lakes character": here, students are (equivalent to niche), foreigners, at the end, present, Xiaodan (equivalent to the boudoir door, Tiedan, Dan) laodan, large (the equivalent of Yu Jing), two (equivalent to three, assisting) (equivalent to ugly), miscellaneous. These feet have a unique creation in art. In the opera, the opera profession is divided in the most detailed, in Peking Opera Peking Opera before, for the greatest impact, it should be said is han. Opera is divided into ten kinds: a business at the end of two the net, three, four Dan, five ugly, six, seven, eight, nine, and ten miscellaneous. This is the ten industry's role is the main content: at the end of the male role, Peking Opera is born; net is Erhualian; Dan is the female role; Tiedan paste is referred to, is a minor role for Dan, Dan is commonly known as the two; elderly male roles; Schiff, miscellaneous play driver Ma Tong, the officer, bearers, a kind of role. The ten line 1, division is more meticulous, opera division business foundation. Peking opera was later divided into four types, namely, Sheng, Dan, Jing and ugliness. It seems to be simpler, but in every big category, there are also a few small classes, which not only include the ten industries, but also are more meticulous and rigorous. The only difference is that although Han for students, the main business can still and Yuan Dynasty, or at the end of, rather than. The development of Beijing Opera is the main practice.