万山红遍忆峥嵘岁月

原标题：万山红遍忆峥嵘岁月

　　万山红遍 层林尽染（中国画）李可染 1963年 69.5x45.5cm 中国美术馆藏

　　万山红遍 层林尽染（中国画）李可染 1964年 135.5×85cm 北京画院藏

　　【美术经典】

　　今天再看李可染的代表作品《万山红遍 层林尽染》（后简称《万山红遍》），有一种亦真亦幻之感，作品中词人的豪情与画家的意气相互交融，山水意境与人生感慨相互印证，也让我们看到词人与画家之间的情感共鸣。

　　《万山红遍》取自毛泽东1925年离开长沙时写的词《沁园春·长沙》。虽然这首词中满是豪情壮志，但是其实写作的时候正是毛泽东既崭露头角又面临困难的时期。《沁园春·长沙》中，可见作者的豁达态度和对未来的憧憬，作者以一种积极的、浪漫主义的形式回答了自己内心的疑问与彷徨。

　　有趣的是，这首词发表于1957年1月的《诗刊》，李可染创作《万山红遍》这幅画是1962年，这时的李可染已经55岁，他既不是“同学少年”，也显然比“书生意气”要成熟得多。虽然一生也经历了大大小小的波折，但是对于一个出生于贫农家庭并且父母皆不识字的孩子来说，李可染的发展可谓顺风顺水，他在艺术水平精进的同时也极大地提高了自己的社会地位。

　　可能回顾自己走过的道路，李可染也会惊叹于自己的机缘造化：他曾经在上海美术专科学校读书，并考上了杭州国立艺术院，还得到了校长林风眠的赏识。在重庆，他又得到了徐悲鸿、郭沫若等知名人士的赞赏。1947年，他正式被齐白石收为徒弟，同年又拜师于黄宾虹。新中国建立后，李可染被中央美术学院聘为副教授，他勤于教学，钻研画艺，云游写生，后来李可染和少数几位画家更是得到可贵的出国机会——赴德国写生。李可染的绘画还得到捷克斯洛伐克（今捷克和斯洛伐克）的认可，并在那里举办了展览、出版了画册。总而言之，和同时代许多命运坎坷的艺术家相比，李可染生活和创作都是一步一层楼。

　　但是这只是表面的现象。在游历写生之后，这位以西画入手、以国画立命的艺术家也面临着各种各样的声音，其中之一就对他的积墨法的非议。李可染在1962年创作的《万山红遍》是一种对这种非议的回应。由此看来，在这件作品中很难说李可染是几分写词意，几分自抒怀了。

　　1963年6月，孙美兰在《美术》杂志上发表《万山红遍 层林尽染》，表达了对于这件作品的赞美之情，同时《美术》杂志还用一整页刊登了这件作品。然而即使《万山红遍》受到广泛的赞誉，但是在次年2月，《美术》杂志又刊登了署名为清彻的《评价作品要恰如其分——对〈万山红遍 层林尽染〉一文的意见》，文章的言辞非常尖锐，如“实际上，不少同志看过画后感觉画面虽也画了一些山头，但由于纵深处理和向四面伸张的感觉不够等种种原因，并没有表现出山势的沉厚，也没有表现出开阔的空间感和群峦叠嶂的宏伟气魄……”虽然说艺术欣赏是各有喜好的一件事情，然而这篇匿名的文章与孙美兰文章的针锋相对还是显然易见的。

　　在这样的文艺浪涛之中，艺术家难以置身事外。其实正如他的好友华君武对他的评价：“可染同志在艺术上是胆大的，但在以阶级斗争为纲的那个时代，他又不免胆小。”确实，纵览李可染发表过的言辞，他是非常谨慎的，这是一位没有怎么说过什么出格话的画家。除去他早年的一些活动以外，他的为人处世非常深思熟虑、沉稳大度。在是非面前的进退两难是李可染难言的苦衷，相信此时的李可染更能体会词人毛泽东在《沁园春·长沙》背后的复杂心情——在别人看来李可染是人生赢家，然而出身贫寒、日夜辛劳，又因为自己的才华遭人言语，李可染的心境与1925年的毛泽东如出一辙。

　　《万山红遍》共有7个版本，第一次和第二次创作是1962年、1963年于广东从化翠溪宾舍养病时完成的，其中1963年创作的《万山红遍》后来被中国美术馆收藏，而1964年，李可染在北京西山八大处创作室中一共创作了五幅尺幅不等、各有不同的《万山红遍》，其中有两张比较大，这两张较大的《万山红遍》中就有一张藏于北京画院。

　　虽然我们无法知道这五幅作品精确的创作时间，但是通过题跋可以知道至少有三张是创作于《评价作品要恰如其分》这篇文章之后，例如北京画院的这张上有题跋：“万山红遍，层林尽染，一九六四年秋九月写毛主席词意。可染。”另一张流于海外，曾在香港《名家翰墨》第26期第47页发表，题跋为：“万山红遍，层林尽染。一九六四年秋九月写毛主席词意于北京西山，可染。”而最后一张更是李可染应荣宝斋之邀，为新中国成立15周年国庆又画了一大幅，此幅右上角题为“万山红遍，层林尽染，一九六四建国十五周年大庆，可染写主席词意于北京西山”。

　　为什么一而再，再而三地创作《万山红遍》？学界有着不同的解释，比较多的解释是这些作品虽然相似，但其实是艺术家对同一题材同一范式的不断调整和完善；也有学者指出，因为画家正好在这一时期从故宫得到了半斤乾隆朱砂。

　　《沁园春·长沙》作为毛泽东早期诗词的代表篇章，一经发表就传颂于社会各界，实际上这也不是李可染第一次以毛泽东的诗词为创作题材，从早期的《六盘山》开始，这一创作主题一直持续到上世纪80年代。李可染还在许多文章中谈及毛泽东的诗词，见解也很深刻，例如在《漫谈山水画》中他就写道：“毛主席的诗句，也是意境很深的，如十六字令三首，每一首都是写景，每一字都是说山，但每一首、每一字又都充分表达了人的思想感情。”而且“毛泽东诗意画”也不是一个个别现象，其他的艺术家如傅抱石等也有许多这方面的作品。在这样的大背景下，如果我们说李可染在画《万山红遍》时对于毛泽东诗词有着比较深入的理解和研究，这应该不是没有根据的。

　　或许我们今天看毛泽东的《沁园春·长沙》和李可染的《万山红遍》，有趣之处就在于种种的巧合与默契。如果说在红色年代看《万山红遍》感受到的是其中的革命热情，今天再看这件作品，更能感受到作品背后有血有肉的情感。

来源：人民网

Recalling the eventful times wanshanhong

Original title: wanshanhong times memory time

Wanshanhongbian cenglinjinran (China painting) Li Keran 1963 69.5x45.5cm Chinese art collection

Wanshanhongbian cenglinjinran (China painting) Li Keran in 1964 135.5 * 85CM Beijing Tibetan painting
[art classics]
Today Li Keran's representative works "wanshanhongbian cenglinjinran" (later referred to as "wanshanhongbian"), there is a Yizhenyihuan sense of pride and works of artists in the poet's emotional blend, landscape artistic conception and life experience each other, also let us see between the poet and the artist's emotional resonance.
"Mao Zedong" from 1925 wanshanhongbian left Changsha to write the word "Qinyuanchun - Changsha". Although this poem is full of lofty sentiments and aspirations, but when writing is both Mao Zedong and emerge the face difficult times. "Qinyuanchun - Changsha", the author shows the open-minded attitude and vision for the future, the author in a romantic, active form of answer questions with the loss of your heart.
Interestingly, this poem was published in January 1957 of the "poetry", "Li Keran wrote" the painting is Wanshan popular in 1962, when Li Keran was 55 years old, he is not a "boy", also obviously than the scholar emotional much more mature. Although the life also experienced large and small twists and turns, but for a was born in a poor peasant family and parents are illiterate children, so Li Keran's development is smooth, the level of sophistication in his art but also greatly improve their social status.
Looking back on the way he has gone through, Li Keran will also be amazed at his own opportunity: he once studied in Shanghai art academy, and was admitted to the Hangzhou National Academy of art. He was also recognized by President Lin Fengmian. In Chongqing, he got the admiration of Xu Beihong, Guo Moruo and other famous people. In 1947, he was officially Qi Baishi received as a disciple, and in the same year to find Huang Binhong. After the establishment of new Chinese, Li Keran was hired as associate professor at the China Central Academy of Fine Arts, he diligent teaching, study painting, wandering sketch, and later Li Keran and a handful of artists have more chances to go abroad in Germany -- valuable painting. Li Keran's paintings were also recognized by Czechoslovakia (today's Czech and Slovakia), where exhibitions and books were published. In a word, Li Keran's life and creation are a step by step, compared with a lot of frustrations in the same age.
But this is just a superficial phenomenon. In the western painting tour after the start, with Chinese painting artists can face a variety of voices, one of which is the product of his criticism of Mexican law. Li Keran in 1962 the creation of "wanshanhongbian" is a kind of response to such criticism. Therefore, in this work it is difficult to say Li Keran is a written word, a self expressing.
In June 1963, Sun Meilan in the "art" magazine published "wanshanhongbian cenglinjinran", the expression for this piece of admiration, while the "art" magazine also published a full page of this piece. However, even if the "wanshanhongbian" was widely praised, but in February the following year, the "art" magazine also published a signed Qingche "-- on" the evaluation works to a proper extent to wanshanhongbian cenglinjinran. "The opinions", the very sharp words, such as "in fact, the picture is also painted some comrades have seen Hill feeling a lot of painting, but due to deep processing and four done enough feel for various reasons, did not show the mountain heavy, did not show the majesty of broad sense of space and the peaks of the hills......" Although art appreciation is one of the most interesting things, this anonymous article is clearly visible to Sun Meilan's article.
In such a literary artist waves, hard to avoid. In fact, just like his friend Hua Junwu commented on him: "dyeable comrades are bold in art, but in the era of class struggle, he is also timid." Indeed, he was very careful to look at the words that Li Keran had published, a painter who did not say anything. Apart from some of his early activities, he was very thoughtful and prudence for his life. In front of the Li Keran is in a nice hobble is untold difficulties, I believe this time Li Keran could better understand the poet Mao Zedong in the "Qinyuanchun - Changsha" behind the complex mood, in others it seems Li Keran is the winner in life, however, was born poor, because their toil day and night, the talent was speech, Li Keran in 1925 and the state of mind Mao Zedong is exactly the same.
"Wanshanhongbian" has 7 versions, and the completion of the second creation is 1962, 1963 in Guangdong Conghua Cui Xi binshe recuperate for the first time, which in 1963 the creation of "wanshanhongbian" was later Chinese museum collections, and in 1964, Li Keran in Beijing Xishan Badachu a room created a total of five pieces the size range, different "wanshanhongbian including two", a relatively large, this two big "in" Wanshan popular there is a hidden in the Beijing art academy.
Although we cannot know what the five works precisely the time of creation, but the inscriptions can know of at least three is created in the "works" to evaluate to a proper extent this article, such as the Beijing Academy of painting this has Inscriptions: "wanshanhongbian, cenglinjinran, 1964