深挖西北资源 坚守西北特色Dig northwest resources and stick to the characteristics of Northwest China

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深挖西北资源 坚守西北特色

晚归(版画) 李桦
晚归(版画) 李桦

原标题:深挖西北资源 坚守西北特色

  西北美术有着广阔的地域性。地理上包括黄土高原西部、渭河平原、河西走廊、青藏高原北部、内蒙古高原西部、柴达木盆地和新疆大部的广大区域。通常简称“大西北”或“西北”。从行政划分来说,西北地区包括宁夏、新疆、青海、陕西、甘肃等。地域上,西北五省区地处青藏高原、蒙古高原和黄土高原等交汇之处,是“半月形文化传播带”的中心地段,又是“丝绸之路”东段的重要地域,还是中国远古文化的重要发展源地之一。从历史的角度来看这一地区的美术现象,自八千年以来的史前文化、周、秦、汉、唐文化、丝绸之路文化与佛教文化以及西北各少数民族文化的发生发展和传播。有古代的羌、戎、狄、月氏、塞种、乌孙、匈奴、回纥、回鹘、召武九娃、党项、汉和现代的蒙、藏、回、维吾尔、哈萨克、裕固、东乡、撒拉、保安、土、汉等数十个民族文化。

  当代,从写生到游学,从考察到创作,众多的艺术家都对西北美术资源恋恋不舍。那么,西北美术基因的魅力到底在哪里?西北美术在整个美术历史上的地位如何?艺术遗产的保护与开发之间的矛盾如何解决?本期,我们会对西北美术进行溯源和观察。

  现代艺术创作的灵感宝库

  西北大学教授文化在《基因与传承——西北地域美术的形状》一文中指出,西北美术从更为具体的地域性来看,首先是陕西和甘肃地区的美术发展。陕西,自仰韶文化到周秦、汉唐以来,曾经是中国的政治、经济、文化中心。阎立本、张宣、周昉、吴道子、王维、韩干、韩晃、孙位、关仝、范宽、米万钟等人的卷轴绘画早已成为中国美术史上的典范。就近现代而言,延安时期的解放区美术和长安画派,无论其创作思想还是创作方法都奠定了新中国美术创作的基本方向,在中国现代美术史上已成为基石和标杆。甘肃地区,曾经是中华民族重要发源地之一。其彩陶文化,已成为世界彩陶文化中最光辉灿烂的部分。自汉唐以来,随着丝绸之路的开通和佛教艺术的传入,从新疆到甘肃的石窟艺术,出现了中国石窟艺术的最高峰。另外,甘肃、新疆、青海、宁夏地区的壁画、雕塑、岩画等在中国乃至世界画史中地位显赫。武威地区的铜奔马、墓室壁画、木雕与河西众多的魏晋墓壁画等,都是中国美术史上的代表之作。

  近代以来,特别是从1943年开始,一大批国内艺术家来到甘肃、青海和新疆,在西北进行艺术文物考察、敦煌艺术研究和文化寻根的同时,他们被这里的地域风情和民族精神所感动,创作了大量反映西北地域和民族风情的艺术作品,开启了中国现代美术史上一种全新的绘画题材——西北少数民族人物画。“在这个漫长的历史时期,甘肃因敦煌艺术而闻名于世,成为古今中外美术家的朝圣之地。如张大千到敦煌莫高窟,历时三载,临摹了大量壁画,并由此改变了画风,成为名扬海内外的艺术大师。此后,常书鸿放弃了法国巴黎的优越生活,到敦煌莫高窟创立敦煌艺术研究所,倾尽毕生心力,保护、临摹、研究敦煌壁画,弘扬敦煌艺术。另有众多艺术大家如关山月、潘絜滋、谢稚柳、韩乐然、董希文等,都到敦煌莫高窟考察临摹研究,得到敦煌艺术的滋养。新中国成立后,甘肃的美术力量一度非常雄厚,特别是随着敦煌艺术的弘扬和美术教育事业的发展,产生了许多大师级人物,他们虽然生活在大西北,却以卓越的艺术成就而声名远播,载入当代中国美术史册。”甘肃省美术家协会主席李宝堂指出。

  进入20世纪50年代到60年代,随着国家对西北少数民族地区民主革命与社会主义建设的推进,更多的艺术家走进了西北少数民族地区,迎来了西北少数民族题材美术创作的高潮。一时间,有的著名艺术家随军进入西北少数民族地区,有的作为工作人员进驻西北少数民族地区开展各种工作,还有的高等美术院校将创作教学实践基地放在了西北少数民族地区,在这里进行考察与写生。诞生了韩乐然的《藏女济水》、常书鸿的《哈萨克少女》《哈萨克牧羊人》《藏女》《蒙古包中》《蒙古族猎人》、董希文的《哈萨克牧羊女》《藏族少女》、吴作人的《雪山牦运》《青海湖之滨观舞》以及黄胄、杨鸣山大量的新疆人物画创作和写生,这些作品引领了西北少数民族人物画创作的潮流与早期乡土写实主义风尚,其影响至今不衰。

  西北庞大的艺术宝库,带给艺术家无限的创作灵感。难怪很多艺术家几进几出西北乐此不疲。这种魔力来自美术、书法文物留存的真实性与历史长远性,以及留存史料的集中性。

  西北艺术资源仍需深挖

  “中国的文化经历过从西北到东南转移的过程,特别是唐安史之乱之前,中国的文化政治中心是在西北的,我们返回去研究或者说学习西北美术文化的基因,对当下艺术文化的发展有着不可估量的意义。现在我们已经有了这样的挖掘和反思及学习的意识。但在这个反思与学习的过程中,发掘与保护也成为焦点的话题。”中国艺术研究院教授任平表示。

  比如研究书法、绘画与雕塑,唐朝及以前的文物保存到中原地区流传下来的多数是零散的,甚至是有待证明的,但西北地区的这些文化遗存则是相对集中的、庞大的、原汁原味的。单纯从书法的角度讲,新疆发现的纸可以追溯到西汉,汉简、敦煌文书、吐鲁番文书等都可以为我们还原中国书法最真实的面貌。“在汉代就有张芝、索靖,都是敦煌人;写《非草书》的东汉赵壹是天水人。汉代的《西狭颂》作为书法名碑,就在甘肃陇南的成县境内,1800余年保存完好。近百年来在河西走廊出土了数量众多的敦煌汉简、居延汉简与武威汉简,还有天水的放马滩秦简与甘谷汉简;从藏经洞发掘的六万余号敦煌经卷,都为研究书法艺术发展与汉字字体演变提供了宝贵的墨迹资料。还有很多金石材料,外界都还不太清楚,学术价值不容低估。敦煌写本保存了大量的古代宗教与书法文献,对于研究敦煌地区乃至几个时代的宗教信仰、考察汉字字体演变与书法文化的演进都有极其重要的意义。敦煌写本内容丰富,以佛教内容为主,楷书写本是佛经抄写的主要组成部分。这些写本对于宗教的传播起到了重要的作用。敦煌写本中很多精品具有较高的书法史料与审美价值。敦煌楷本整体水准高,数量多,是经典书法之外的有益参照和补充,对于认识中国书法的传播与发展有一定的价值。”西北师范大学书法文化研究院副院长李逸峰指出。

  以莫高窟为例,人们进一步认识到这一20世纪最有价值文化发现的意义之后,却也面临着如何保护西北文化遗存的问题。除了艺术工作者之外,莫高窟旅游旺季日均6000多人次客流压力,也让莫高窟不堪重负。一面是络绎不绝的游客,一面是千年文化遗产的保护难题。针对这一现象,敦煌研究院院长王旭东说:“敦煌是开放的结晶,封闭不可能产生莫高窟。如今我们建立敦煌数字中心和3D体验中心,最大限度利用当下数字资源让游客有身临其境之感,且为保护敦煌文物而有所作为。敦煌研究院披露,目前已经完成150个洞窟壁画的数字化拍摄,积累的数据量超过300TB。”

  然而,并不是所有的西北美术资源都如此幸运。美术史论家陈履生在看到克孜尔的累累盗痕时曾表示:“自从俄国人于1879年1月15日踏进了克孜尔后山区的第213窟,并在西壁上留下了几行铅笔题写的俄文之后,克孜尔及其周边的石窟遭受了千年命运之后的劫难。今天每一个参访克孜尔石窟的人,都会在看到这些累累盗痕之后感到痛心疾首。”保护西北地区的文物一直都需要整个民族的强大和进一步拯救和重视。

  要扩大眼界 也需坚守特色

  西北少数民族众多,民族特点鲜明,全国艺术家常会来采风于此。那么,西北美术的发展如何?文化指出,当下西北美术主要沿着四条道路在发展:首先,以反映当地风土人情,反映改革开放以来各地区人民的物质生活与精神生活为主,特别是以反映农村生活居多,继续了自上世纪40年代到80年代以来所开创的乡土写实主义道路。其次,民族题材仍是西北地区艺术家们表现的重要内容。同时,也是西北地区艺术家们与全国艺术家拉开距离,寻找和建立自己面貌的主要途径。第三是对本地区历史文化的追忆和表现。这种历史题材的创作选择常常带有一定程度上的投机心里。因为在全国范围内几乎没有一位艺术家会把自己的创作目标长期固定在某一地区的历史文化表现上。第四,对现代都市题材的表现。选择这种题材的艺术家有的对当代社会生活有着深切的感悟,或者是他们不愿意再走他人已经走了几十年的老路。当然,也不乏跟风者。

  “我在2012年初作为特殊人才引进来的甘肃,来到西北师范大学负责书法学科创建工作。大西北给我提供了好的平台和机缘。”李逸峰说。据说,在西北即便是目不识丁的老妇人,也有着对传统文化坚守的底线。“看一个地方美术,还是要看普及程度。西北甘肃即便是偏远的地区,经济虽然特别不发达,但是那里却不乏喜欢书法的人。尽管可能存在当代书法创作观念相对闭塞的问题,但至少说明了西北地区文化的基础。所需要的是出来走一走,扩大眼界。”任平表示。但一旦他们走出去,又面临着“孔雀东南飞”的问题,西北美术人才的流失也是一个并不乐观的现象。诚然,在当下的艺术家群体中,走出去的多半回不来,去西北的艺术家又留不下。而对于西北艺术发展,同样是从西北走出来的中国国家画院院长杨晓阳如此表达自己的坚守:“其实西北地区的美术创作不必刻意遵循或者说以北京、以主流美术创作为导向,而是应该保持自己的特色,先进的艺术理念可以学习,但本色与辨识度是不可失去的。这才是西北美术乃至所有地域美术最需要坚守、最能够让人记忆犹新的部分。”


来源:人民网

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Dig northwest resources and stick to the characteristics of Northwest China

晚归(版画) 李桦

Li Hua Wangui (print)
Original title: deep digging northwest resources to adhere to the northwest characteristics
The Northwest art has a wide regional character. Geographically, they include the western part of the Loess Plateau, the Weihe plain, the Hexi Corridor, the northern Tibetan Plateau, the western Inner Mongolia plateau, the Qaidam Basin and the large part of Xinjiang. It is usually referred to as "northwest" or "northwest". From the administrative division, the northwest region includes Ningxia, Xinjiang, Qinghai, Shaanxi, Gansu and so on. The five provinces in the northwest region, located on the Tibetan Plateau, Mongolia plateau and the Loess Plateau is the intersection of "central section of half moon culture communication with", and is an important region of the eastern section of the Silk Road ", is one of the most important development source China ancient culture. From a historical perspective, the art phenomenon in this area has evolved from eight thousand years ago, including prehistoric culture, Zhou, Qin, Han and Tang culture, silk road culture and Buddhist culture, and the development of ethnic cultures in Northwest China. Ancient Qiang, Rong, Di, Zhi, Sai Wusun, Hun, Huihe, Uighur, Zhao Wu, Jiuwa Dangxiang, and modern Mongolian, Tibetan, Uygur, Kazak, Hui, Yugur, Dongxiang, Sarah, security, soil and other dozens of Chinese national culture.
Today, from the sketch to study, from the study to the creation of art resources in Northwest China unable to part of many artists. So, where is the charm of the Northwest art gene? What is the position of the Northwest art in the whole art history? How can the contradiction between the protection and development of the artistic heritage be solved? In this period, we will trace and observe the Northwest art.
A treasure house of inspiration for modern art creation
Northwestern University Professor culture in the "gene and inheritance -- the shape of northwest regional art" pointed out that the Northwest art from a more specific regional perspective, first of all, the development of art in Shaanxi and Gansu. Shaanxi, since the Yangshao culture to Zhou Qin and Han and Tang Dynasties, has been the political, economic and cultural center of China. Yan Liben, Zhang Xuan, Zhou Fang, Wu Daozi, Wang Wei, Han Gan, Han Huang, sun, Guan Tong, Fan Kuan, Mi Wanzhong, et al. Scroll paintings have already become a model China art history. In modern times, Jiefang District art and Changan painting school in Yanan period, regardless of their creative ideas or creative methods, have laid the basic direction of new China's art creation. They have become the cornerstones and benchmarks in the history of modern Chinese art. The Gansu area was once one of the most important birthplaces of the Chinese nation. Its painted pottery culture has become the most brilliant part of the world's painted pottery culture. Since the Han and Tang Dynasties, along with the opening of the Silk Road and the introduction of Buddhist art, the grotto art from Xinjiang to Gansu appeared the highest peak of Chinese Grotto Art. In addition, Gansu, Xinjiang, Qinghai, Ningxia area of the murals, sculptures, paintings and other position in the Chinese and the world in the painting history of prominent. Many Wuwei area bronze horse, tomb murals, wood carving and Hexi tomb murals, represent the art history of Chinese.
In modern times, especially from the beginning of 1943, a large number of domestic artists came to Gansu, Qinghai and Xinjiang, art cultural study, Dunhuang art research and culture at the same time in the northwest, they were moved by the local customs and national spirit, creating a large number of northwest ethnic customs and art, opened Chinese the history of modern art a new painting, figure painting in Northwest minority. "In this long historical period, Gansu is famous for the art of Dunhuang, and it has become a pilgrimage to all Chinese and foreign artists. For example, Zhang Daqian, who went to Mogao Grottoes in Dunhuang, lasted three years, copied a large number of murals, and thus changed the style of painting and became a master of art at home and abroad. Since then, Chang Shuhong has abandoned the excellent life of Paris, France, and founded the Dunhuang Art Research Institute in Mogao Grottoes, Dunhuang. She devoted all her life to protecting, copying, studying Dunhuang mural and promoting Dunhuang art. Otherwise many art as Pan Xiezi, Xie Zhiliu, Han Leran, Alex, Dong Xiwen, Dunhuang to visit Mogao Grottoes of Dunhuang art by copying, nourishing. After the founding of new Chinese, Gansu art strength was very strong, especially with the development of Dunhuang art and promote art education, has produced many gurus, although they lived in the northwest, but with outstanding artistic achievements and reputation in contemporary art history, Chinese." Li Baotang, chairman of the Gansu Artists Association, pointed out.
From 1950s to 60s, with the promotion of democratic revolution and socialist construction in northwest minority areas, more artists went into the northwest minority areas, and ushered in the climax of northwest minority theme art creation. For a time, some famous artists went into the northwest minority areas, as some work personnel stationed in the northwest minority areas to carry out all kinds of work, and the creation of institutions of higher art teaching practice base in the northwest minority areas, to examine and sketch here. The birth of the Han obligingly "Tibet female Jishui", Chang Shuhong's "Kazakhstan Kazakh girl" "shepherd" "Tibet" Mongolia girl "package" of "Mongolian Hunter" and Dong Xiwen "Kazakhstan shepherdess" "Tibetan girl", Wu Zuoren's "snow yak Yun" "Qinghai Lake waterfront view." Huang Zhou and Yang Mingshan, a large number of Xinjiang figure painting and painting, these works are leading the trend of figure painting in northwest minority and early local realism style,

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