文物修复师供不应求缺口巨大

缺！很缺！文物修复师供不应求缺口巨大

　　浙江一高校文物修复专业毕业生每年不到40人

　　浙江艺术职业学院文物鉴定与修复专业的学生修复的民间藏物。通讯员 王玲瑛 摄

　　《我在故宫修文物》曾风靡一时，无数人被文物修复师精湛的技艺和持之以恒的坚守而打动。

　　若说冷门职业，文物修复师肯定名列其中。就在前几天，浙江第一所开设文物鉴定与修复专业的高校举办了一场毕业展，其中有30多件古陶瓷修复作品展出。古瓷器庄严的形态，在毕业生“妙手回春”之下，补上了时间缺口。

　　最美的时光，多半是最初的美好。面对旧物，我们同样会喜欢它们最初的样子。这需要借助文物修复师的“回春之手”。

　　21岁男生想当文物修复师 修复一个瓷杯花了3个多月

　　在明净的玻璃橱窗内，陈列着一个杯子，口径9厘米，名叫“龙泉官窑仿金银器把杯”，是南宋时期的器皿。

　　“原来，杯子缺失了手柄，大概有35%部位破损。”浙江艺术职业学院文物鉴定与修复专业毕业生章吉锋说，这件作品是从一位民间收藏家手里借来的。选耳杯作为自己的毕业作品，是因为觉得它的器型精美。

　　章吉锋采取的修复方案，是用瓷化石膏补缺，上涂黑漆，再推光。“工艺蛮复杂的，每次上完大漆需要长时间等待干燥，所以一件器物的修复周期很长。”章吉锋说，这件作品的修复花了3个多月。

　　19岁那年，浙江温州的章吉锋进入浙艺，他带着自己的职业梦想而来。大一时，章吉锋就接触了文物修复，修复的第一件物品是吉州窑盏。后来，经过他双手修复的，还有很多器皿，像双鱼洗、碗、盏、凤耳瓶、杯、斗笠盏等。

　　“文化需要传承，匠心需要延续，修复器物的意义是保留历史信息的同时，用艺术的手段赋予它第二次生命。”指导老师朱伟洁说。

　　文保单位招人困难 专业的修复人才极缺

　　和章吉锋一样，想当文物修复师的人不少，但行业的特殊性和局限性，对文物修复师的要求也很高，无疑拉高了就业门槛。

　　有业内人士称，一直以来专业的文物修复师极缺。博物馆、考古所等事业单位，受限于编制、学历等因素，很难招到合适的人选。

　　“这类人才一直存在缺口，虽然国家文物局为此投入了巨大的努力，但修复行业人才困境依然存在。”中国文化遗产研究院教育培训学院副主任张晓彤证实了这点。

　　据介绍，在教育部备案的开设文物修复与保护专业的26所高职院校，每年毕业生1000多人，但能进入文博系统从事文物修复的不足半数。

　　“要修的太多，能修的人太少。”业内人士说，除了陶瓷、纸质、金属、纺织、竹木漆器等大量的馆藏文物需要专业的文物修复师，那些不可移动的壁画、彩塑、石窟寺、古建筑等文物同样需要大量的文物修复师。此外民间艺术品修复也需要大量人才，市场很庞大。

　　“现在无法统计到底缺多少人，但一直供不应求。”张晓彤说，不仅仅文物修复师极缺，培养这类人才的师资力量更缺。

　　据介绍，全国馆藏文物4000万件（套），半数以上需要修复。目前，全国文化遗产行业从业人员约为15万人。即便全员上岗，显然也是来不及修复各种文物的。

　　比较遗憾的是，行业内存在一些不尽如人意的现象，比如学历层次整体偏低、专业技术力量不足、专业知识更新缓慢等，这也是造成人才极缺的原因。

　　科班的文物修复师 培养至少5年以上

　　代代相承的精巧技艺得以传承，在不改变器物原形态的基础下，创造出另一种沧桑之美。

　　文物修复师不仅手艺技能高，还要懂得多。他们需要掌握众多历史文献、科学技术、艺术评定等专业知识。所以，培养一名文物修复师，需要投入大量的时间和精力。

　　目前，国内在相关教育培养领域，这个学科的传承，主要由两条线完成。一是职业技术、专科培养和本科培养，其在培养理念、课程体系、培养水平参差不齐；二是各文博机构以“师承制”传习。

　　张晓彤认为，文物修复是一个需要多学科综合交叉支撑的专业，目前对于民间市场而言只能选择师傅带徒弟，但对于行业及高等教育而言，是要遵循严格的培养标准。

　　国外修复师培养做法值得借鉴，在意大利注册文物修复师约六七万人。他们的培养体系相对比较成熟和健全，科班的培养时间至少需要5年，理论学习和多种材质修复技术的学习、实践操作同等重要。

　　浙江开设文物鉴定与修复专业的院校凤毛麟角，浙江艺术职业学院就是其中一所。他们每年毕业生近40人，学生就业去向比较广，比如在博物馆修复部门、考古所、拍卖行、文创类公司，还有人创业开工作室。

　　“文物修复不是一般意义上依靠手艺将遭到劣化的文物修得天衣无缝，而是在科学的理念和原则的指导下，既保留文物珍贵的历史、艺术、科技等价值的同时，还能将文物修复得富有美感，这才是很难的技能，需要多学科的合作。”张晓彤介绍，目前北京、上海等院校开设了文物修复本科专业，并为该专业专升本争取途径。

　　“文物修复有趣而成就感强，但凡真心喜欢的年轻人是非常执着而坚持的。”张晓彤说，这个行业的人才，既要有手艺、有头脑，还需要有情怀。

来源：光明网

A huge gap in the supply of cultural relic RestorersMissing! Very short! A huge gap in the supply of cultural relic Restorers
There are less than 40 graduates of a university for cultural relic rehabilitation in Zhejiang

The folk collections of the students of the Cultural Relics Identification and restoration of Zhejiang Vocational Academy of Art. Wang Lingying, a correspondent
"I have a cultural relic in the Imperial Palace" has been all the rage, and countless people have been moved by the exquisite craftsmanship and perseverance of the repairman.
If you say the cold door profession, the cultural relics restorer will be among them. Just a few days ago, a graduation exhibition was held in the first university of Zhejiang for the specialty of cultural relic identification and restoration, of which more than 30 ancient pottery and porcelain restoration works were displayed. The ancient porcelain solemn form, in contrast, graduates "validity" to fill the gap of time.
The most beautiful time is mostly the first beauty. In the face of things, we will also love them like the original. This requires the help of cultural relics repair division "rejuvenation hand".
21 year old boy wanted to be a teacher to repair a porcelain restoration took more than 3 months
In a clear glass window, a glass display, 9 cm diameter, named "Longquan kiln imitation gold and silver cup", is the Southern Song Dynasty ware.
"It turned out that the cup was missing the handle, and about 35% parts were damaged." Zhang Jifeng, a graduate of Zhejiang Vocational Academy of Art's cultural relic identification and restoration, said the work was borrowed from a private collector. The selection of the ear cup as a graduate work is because it feels its style is exquisite.
Repair scheme of Zhang Jifeng to take, is to use porcelain gypsum filled, on black paint, and then push the light. "The process is quite complicated, after then need to wait a long time to dry, so an understanding of the repair cycle is very long." Zhang Jifeng said it took more than 3 months to repair the work.
At the age of 19, the Zhejiang Wenzhou chapter into Zhejiang Feng Jie art, he came with his occupation dream. The big moment, Zhang Feng Jie came in contact with the restoration of cultural relics, the first thing is to repair the Jizhou kiln lamp. Later, after he hands to repair, there are many vessels, like Pisces washing, bowl, cup, bottle, cup, chicken ear hat lamp etc..
"Cultural heritage, ingenuity and need to continue repair is the significance of the preservation of historic artifacts information at the same time, give it a second life by artistic means." Zhu Weijie, the instructor, said.
The security unit hiring professional repair personnel difficulties lack
Like Zhang Jifeng, there are many people who want to be a cultural relic repairer, but the industry's particularity and limitations demand high demand for cultural relic repairmen, which undoubtedly raises the threshold for employment.
People in the industry say that the professional cultural relics repair teachers have been very short. Museums, archaeological institutions, and other institutions, limited to the compilation, education and other factors, it is difficult to recruit suitable candidates.
"This kind of talent has been in the gap, although the State Administration of cultural relics has put in great efforts to this end, but the dilemma of the rehabilitation industry still exists." Zhang Xiaotong, deputy director of the education and Training Institute of the Chinese Academy of cultural heritage, confirmed this.
According to the introduction, 26 Vocational Colleges in the Ministry of education that record the preservation and preservation of cultural relics, more than 1000 graduates each year, but can enter the cultural and cultural system and engage in less than half of cultural relics restoration.
"There is too much to be repaired, so few people can repair it." Insiders said that in addition to ceramics, paper, metal, textile, wood lacquer and other large collections of cultural relics need professional conservation division, those who can not move the murals and statues, cave temples, ancient buildings and other cultural relics also needs a large number of cultural relics repair division. In addition, the restoration of folk art needs a large number of talents, and the market is very large.
"Now we can't count how many people are missing, but they have been in short supply." Zhang Xiaotong said that not only did cultural relic restorers were very short of teachers, but the teachers of training this kind of talents were more deficient.
According to the introduction, the national collection of 40 million pieces of cultural relics (sets), more than half of the need to repair. At present, the number of employees in the national cultural heritage industry is about 150 thousand. Even if the whole member is on duty, it is obviously too late to repair all kinds of cultural relics.
Unfortunately, there are some undesirable phenomena in the industry, such as the low academic level, the lack of professional and technical strength and slow updating of professional knowledge, which is also the reason for the shortage of talents.
The restoration of cultural relics Cobain training at least 5 years
Kind of exquisite art heritage, without changing the original form of artifacts, create another beauty of the vicissitudes of life.
Cultural relic restorers not only have high skills, but also have more knowledge. They need to master a large number of historical documents, science and technology, art evaluation and other professional knowledge. Therefore, it is necessary to devote a lot of time and energy to the cultivation of a cultural relic restorer.
At present, in the field of education and training in China, the inheritance of this subject is mainly completed by two lines. One is the occupation technology, training and training in the undergraduate, training idea, course system and training level uneven; the two is the cultural institutions to "apprentice system" teaching.
Zhang Xiaotong believes that cultural relics restoration is a multi-disciplinary and cross supporting professional. At present, the private market can only choose master to take an apprentice, but for Industry and higher education, it is necessary to follow strict training standards.
The training practice of foreign repairers should be used for reference. In Italy, about sixty thousand or seventy thousand people are registered for the restoration of cultural relics. Their training system is relatively mature and sound, training time by training at least 5 years, the theory of learning and learning a variety of material repair technology and practical operation are equally important.
Zhejiang has a few colleges and universities that specializes in cultural heritage identification and restoration, and Zhejiang art vocation