达勒特古城出土青花瓷等文物 诸多谜团待解

原标题：看不懂的达勒特古城

　　被称为“火道”的遗迹。王瑟摄/光明1

　　达勒特古城出土的文物引起专家学者的极大关注。王瑟摄/光明1

　　主持发掘的党志豪在介绍发掘情况。王瑟摄/光明1

　　达勒特古城出土的青花瓷器。王瑟摄/光明1

　　达勒特古城出土的黑陶罐。王瑟摄/光明1

　　王瑟摄/光明1

　　【守望家园】

　　谜团，谜团，一个接一个的谜团。新疆达勒特古城考古发掘两年来，诸多谜团一直笼罩在考古人员心头。为解开这些谜团，来自北京大学、南京大学、中国社会科学院考古研究所等机构的国内一流专家学者均被请到考古现场。可是，他们也说：看不懂……

　　成排的火道，规规矩矩地排列在一起，上部还有面积仅一二平方米的小房间遗迹。只是因为在其狭小的空间里发现了火烧过的痕迹，因而称火道，但它到底是做什么用的？

　　用土坯垒起的一道道单坯墙，规整地排列在一座房基墙的一侧，相隔距离竟然惊人的一致。数一数，有21排之多。这样的建筑结构做什么用的？

　　明显建在城墙上的一个火炉里，一只做工精细的布鞋让考古人员惊讶不已，这明明是近现代的东西，怎么也会出现在这座古城的墙里呢？

　　内城的城门处，一排排长木桩上，插满了形状大小相同的短木棍，如一根根“大头棒”。有的上面建有墙基，有的则横七竖八地倒在地上。这又是干什么用的？

　　谜团，谜团，一个接一个的谜团。新疆达勒特古城考古发掘两年来，这样的谜团一直笼罩在考古人员心头。为解开这些谜团，来自北京大学、南京大学、中国社会科学院考古研究所等单位的国内一流专家学者均被请到考古现场。但他们也说：看不懂……

　　湮没的普剌城

　　史书记载，天山北麓丝绸之路上有几座城市，普剌城便是其中之一。有专家分析，史书记载的“普剌、布拉、不剌、普剌特、波罗脱儿、博罗塔拉”直至今天的“博尔塔拉”，都是波斯语“Bolat”汉文的不同译法，意思是钢。1991年7月，村民赵曰才在遗址外城墙挖出121公斤古代锻钢，为“Bolat”钢城的存在提供了实证。

　　侍从成吉思汗西征的耶律楚材在《西游录》中写道：“既过瀚海军千余里，有不刺城，附庸之邑三五，不刺之南有阴山，东西千里，南北二百里。其山之顶有圆池，周围七八十里。南下皆林檎木，树阴蓊翳，不露日色。既出阴山，有阿里马城。”从中可以看出，成吉思汗大军过瀚海军后，经过的第一个城就是“不刺城”。

　　刘郁在《西使记》中写道：“有城曰业瞒，又西南行，过孛罗城，所种皆麦稻，城居肆囿间错，土屋窗户皆琉璃。城北有海，铁山风出，往往吹行人坠海中。西南行20里，有关曰铁木尔忏察，守关者皆汉民，关径崎岖似栈道，出关至阿里玛图城……孛罗城迤西，金银铜为钱，有文而无孔。”这里可以看出，普剌城在当时的繁华程度。

　　普剌城由于地理位置优越，是东西交通的要冲，曾经是花园城市，窗明几净，市井繁荣，铁锤叮当，稻麦飘香。

　　普剌城曾以“孛罗”“普剌”等名字记入《元史》。但自14世纪以后，随着这座城市的逐渐萧条，它在文献中也湮没了。在博尔塔拉河、大河沿子河中下游冲积扇平原的黄土高台地下，普剌城无声无息度过了7个世纪。策马草原的传奇故事，悠远古朴的丝路驼音，都已飘走，丝绸古道上这座古老、富庶、美丽的城市，从历史和人们的记忆中隐去了。

　　达勒特古城是普剌城吗

　　出新疆博乐市30多公里，路边的牌子上写着：破城子村。远处，那些高高低低的大土堆就是达勒特古城，蒙古语里意为“隐蔽的庄子”。当地人称这里为破城子。

　　作为丝绸之路北道最重要的遗迹，目前新疆乃至中亚地区规模较大、保存完整的历史文化遗迹，达勒特古城的发现纯属偶然。1983年，破城子村农民像往常一样在古城内取土时，挖出一个陶罐，里面居然装满银币。村民不曾想到，他们脚下竟然是一座昔日繁盛的城池。

　　站在古城，脚下散布着各种各样的陶片。放眼望去，一条干涸的河床把遗址切成两部分，勉强可以辨认出古城分内城、外城和外延三部分，环河岸分布。从古城遗址最高点观望，古城建筑规模宏大，建筑位置险要，设防周密。

　　遗址总面积达250万平方米。内城呈方形，坐落在现存遗址的西北部，城墙边长100米，瓮城门东向，城墙残高2米左右，用土夯筑，四面墙体外侧皆筑有马面。外城仅存南墙和西墙部分残垣。在外延的南面、西面曾出土大批珍贵文物，包括元代的瓷器和大批察合台汗国时期的钱币。古城墙西面墙脚下，有烟火熏黑的灶台，陶制的涵管可能是城市下水管道。

　　说起它的发现，就必须提到一个农民赵曰才。如今老人早已驾鹤西去，但留在破城子村民口中的，他仍然鲜活。那年赵曰才家要盖房子，在外城墙边挖地基时，挖到一堆黑乎乎的东西，专家说叫锻钢，他全交给了公家。当时村里还有人挖到了铜镜、陶罐、砚台、梳子等文物，老人就动员大家把捡到、挖到的文物交给公家。

　　老人19岁就来到这个村，在这儿住了将近50年。有一年交公粮，麻袋上要写上每个村的名字，这个村写啥名呢？赵曰才说：这儿有个破城，就叫破城子吧。这样，破城子村就叫开了。

　　达勒特古城的发现，还得说一个人，他叫韩雪昆。如今业已年过半百的他，因为从事文化工作，对达勒特古城自然兴趣很浓。他曾多次来到这里，踏遍了古城的角角落落，翻阅所能找到的各种历史资料，最终认为：达勒特古城就是唐代的双河都督府和宋元时期的孛罗城所在地。他还撰写了多篇研究文章，比如《论博乐市达勒特古城及其相关问题》等，就是想证明达勒特古城的历史地位和价值。但他的结论还需要专业的考古发掘研究给予支撑。

　　新疆文物考古研究所于2016年8月至10月对古城进行了首次发掘。用项目主持人党志豪的话说：就是为了进一步弄清楚达勒特古城的形制、性质、年代等问题。但没想到，两年的发掘让他们疑问重重，展现在眼前的遗迹，让他们完全摸不清这座古城当时到底是个什么模样。古城神秘的面纱不仅没有揭开，反而笼罩了更加浓厚的神秘色彩。

　　神秘遗迹不断出现

　　2016年的考古发掘首先在内城西部和东门内侧展开，重点是内城的西部。当考古人员一层层地揭开土层后，首先映入他们眼中的是一道道东北—西南走向的土坯墙。这些土坯墙均为单坯墙，高约1米，形制十分规整。今年，在这些土坯墙的旁边又发现了7排，共计21排。这些土坯墙是起什么作用的？它们为何要建在房址外呢？

　　让他们迷惑的还有：达勒特古城的外城地表到处散布着大大小小的碎陶片，可内城地表却难得采集到遗物，也少见灰坑、灶址等遗迹，出土文物，尤其是精美的出土文物就更少。另外，内城面积仅有100平方米左右，这明显违背人们对内城的传统认知。

　　今年，当考古队再次对达勒特古城内城和东城门等处进行发掘时，奇怪的现象再次出现——

　　揭开内城东南角的地表土层后，他们发现一排排中空的沟道。其顶面，也就是地面部分用砖砌成，沟道内全是草木灰，并有火烧过的痕迹，所以他们将之称为“火道”。在其上，有一两间面积只有一二平方米的房址基。是地暖？可是如此小的面积，这样大的供暖，房内的温度得有多高，人受得了吗？难道城内集中供暖？那也太先进了吧？若是那个年代人们就知道了怎样集中供暖，让现代人情何以堪？

　　南京大学水涛教授在仔细观察后认为，这可能是桑拿浴室，是内城里达官贵人洗桑拿浴的地方。他曾在中东一些国家的考古现场看过类似的遗迹。可到底是不是呢？没有足够的考古证据，也不能妄下定论。

　　而更不可思议的是在内城的东门。党志豪他们挖开东门地表后，出现了四五根粗大的木头，表面人工打进了整齐的小木楔。开始他们认为可能是在木头上砌墙的，但随着发现木头的增加，他们否定了原先的认识，搞不懂它到底是干什么用的。而且还在城门处，这在以前的考古中没有发现。

　　新疆考古研究所老所长王炳华教授在观看了考古现场发掘出的一件细颈长瓶后，认定这里可能与西辽有关。他认为，虽说西辽存在的时间不长，但它与中原文化的关系十分密切，达勒特古城破坏严重，但发现的辽代风格陶片很多。红方砖铺地又是察合台时期的风格。如此多的时代遗迹叠压在一起，仅目前获得的信息，根本无法给出准确的判断，更说不清它的历史脉搏。只有加大发掘面积，才可能找到更多相关的历史遗迹，对达勒特古城的认识才可能更加清晰完整。

　　达勒特古城是不是史书上记载的孛罗城？普剌城？双河都督府？它是不是始建于唐代毁于元代？它还藏着什么我们现在不知道的秘密？一切只有等待更深入的考古发掘，去揭开这些笼罩在达勒特古城神秘的面纱。

来源：人民网

The ancient city of blue and white porcelain unearthed in Durham special relics such as many mysteries to be solved even
Original title: cannot read the special city of Durham

A remnant known as the "fire road". Wang Seshe / light

The ancient cultural relics unearthed daarle special attracted great attention of experts and scholars. Wang Seshe / light.

The party who presided over the excavations was introducing the excavations. Wang Seshe / light.

The ancient city of blue and white porcelain unearthed in dalur special. Wang Seshe / light.

The ancient city of black pottery unearthed daarle special. Wang Seshe / light.

Wang Seshe / light.

[watch home]
A mystery, a riddle, a riddle after one. Xinjiang City special DAL archaeological excavations over the past two years, many archaeologists have been shrouded in mystery. To solve these mysteries, domestic experts and scholars from Peking University, Nanjing University and Institute of Archaeology of Chinese Academy of social sciences were invited to the archaeological site. But, they also said: don't understand...
Rows of fire paths arranged together, and the upper part of a small room with an area of only one or two square meters. It is only because of the trace of fire in its narrow space, so it is called fire road, but what is it for?
With a single blank wall built of adobe, regularly arranged on one side of a house wall, the distance were remarkably consistent. There are 21 rows of count. What is the structure of such a building for?
In a furnace apparently built on the wall, a fine cloth shoe surprised the archaeologists. This is obviously modern and how it will appear in the wall of the ancient city.
The inner city gate, a row of long wooden piles, filled with the same shape and size of the short stick, such as a root "big stick". Some built above the wall, some are spread all across in confusion fell on the ground. What's this for?
A mystery, a riddle, a riddle after one. Xinjiang City special DAL archaeological excavations for two years, this has been shrouded in mystery archaeologists heart. To solve these mysteries, the first class experts and scholars from Peking University, Nanjing University and Archaeology Institute of Chinese Academy of social sciences were invited to the archaeological site. But they also said: don't understand...
The annihilation of the Pera City
The historical records show that there are several cities on the Silk Road on the northern foot of the Tianshan Mountain, and the city of Pera is one of them. Expert analysis, historical records ", not the assassination, the assassination, Alhambra, perversing Pu, and the Baltic Boluotala" until today's "Bortala" are different translations of "Bolat" in Persian, meaning steel. In July 1991, the villagers Zhao Yuecai on the site outside the city walls dug up 121 kilograms of ancient forged steel, which provide evidence to "Bolat" the existence of frank.
The Gen Gi Khan expedition Yelv Chucai wrote in "the West recorded": "after the Han navy has not more than 1000 years, thorn City, city vassal 35, not the thorns of the south of Yinshan Mountain, things Trinidad, North and south two hundred. It has a round pool at the top of the mountain, seventy or eighty miles around. South are mallus doumeri wood, a thick nebula, not dew on color. Is Yinshan, Ali ma." It can be seen from it that the first city of Gen Gi Khan's army was "no thorns" after he had crossed the Navy.
Liu Yu in the west "to remember" wrote: "there is a city called industry and hide, southwest, are all over, Rochester, wheat and rice, the city ranks among the four caught wrong, windows are glazed hut. In the north of the city, there is a sea in the city, and the wind is out of Tieshan. It often blows the pedestrians into the sea. Southwest for 20 years, the police said tiemuer keep off all repentance, Han Guan, size like rugged road, exit to the city are ali...... Marco city to the west of gold and silver, copper money, a paper without hole." Here we can see the flourishing degree of the Pera city at that time.
General perversing city due to the superior geographical location, is the transportation hub, was once the garden city, a prosperous city, hammer with bright windows and clean tables, with the fragrance of rice and wheat.
The city had "Pu perversing polo" "Assassination" in the name of "yuan". But since fourteenth Century, with the gradual depression of the city, it has been lost in the literature. In the Bortala River and the great river along the alluvial fan plain in the middle and lower reaches of the river, the city of Pera spent 7 centuries in silence. Legend on the grassland in the distant ancient Silk Road camel sound has gone, the Silk Road on the ancient, rich and beautiful city, went from history and in the memory of people.
Beijing city is city special general perversing
Xinjiang Bole City, more than 30 km, roadside sign: pochengzi village. In the distance, and those big mound is special in the ancient city of Durham, Mongolian meaning "hidden Chuang-tzu". The locals call it a broken city.
As the silk road the most important sites, the current size of Xinjiang and Central Asia, more complete preservation of historical and cultural relics, the ancient city of Durham found by accident. In 1983, the pochengzi village farmers as usual in the ancient city of earth, dug up a jar, which was filled with silver. The villagers never thought that they were at the foot of a former prosperous city.
Station in the city, at the foot of a variety of pottery spread. Looking ahead, a dry riverbed divides the site into two parts, can barely recognize the ancient city of the city outside the city, and the extension of the three part, the distribution ring. See from the ruins of the ancient city of the ancient city of the highest point, building large-scale construction, dangerous location, careful fortification.
The total area of the site is 2 million 500 thousand square meters. The city square is located in the northwest of the existing site, the wall length of 100 meters, in the east gate to the wall, the residual 2 meters high, with soil hangzhu, surrounded by the outside of the wall is built of navodon. Only the outer wall of the western wall and the south part of the ruins. In the West extension of the south, has unearthed a large number of precious cultural relics, including the Yuan Dynasty porcelain and a large number of Chagatai Khanate period coins. The ancient city wall of the West foot of the wall, hearth fireworks blackened, earthenware is probably the city sewer culvert.
Speaking of its discovery, it is necessary to mention a farmer, Zhao Yuecai. Now the old man was riding a crane to the west, but left