高险奇巧的民间舞蹈

耍芯子在中国民间多个地方都有流传，但是要说独具一格的芯子，应该算是潼关南街背芯子，这在陕西乃至全国都有着重要的文化价值。2009年，潼关南街背芯子入选陕西省第二批非物质文化遗产名录。 
　　■起源 
　　民间流传过3个故事 
　　 据潼关南街背芯子的传承人刘汶潼介绍，关于潼关背芯子的来由，曾经流传过三种传说—— 
　　 第一个是关于汉武帝和李夫人的凄美爱情故事。传说爱妃李夫人去世后，汉武帝整日郁郁寡欢，大臣李少翁想了一个办法，让人用做了一个稻草人并穿上李夫人的衣服，将草人扛在肩上在汉武帝面前来回舞弄，汉武帝看后龙颜大悦，相思之苦得到了寄托，从此重振朝纲。这是关于背芯子最早的说法。 
　　 第二个传说——西汉文帝刘恒儿时由一名宫女照看，一天，刘恒哭闹不止，宫女便用梧桐叶子剪出了人形，用树枝顶在肩上，借着阳光在刘恒面前来回舞动，并哼着小曲，于是刘恒就破涕为笑了。刘邦听后随口而出：“汉妃抱子宫前耍，巧剪桐叶肩上裁。文帝治国天下平，制乐传入百姓家。” 
　　 第三个传说发生在唐朝。潼关下边是海眼，潼关要想发展，必须在海眼上建一座镇海塔，塔建成那天举行了盛大庆典，百姓们都来观看。有人为了让孩子看到表演，把孩子架在肩上、顶在头上观看，更有甚者，用木头做成特制的“木架”让几个孩子同时站在分开的支叉上观看，以后有人将这种“木架”演变为铁制的芯子，逐渐形成了背芯子。 
　　■发展 
　　参加2008年北京奥运会开幕式 
　　 刘汶潼表示，芯子在明清期间得到了一定的发展，永乐年间（公元1403年以后）庆典、慰问活动频繁，对芯子的发展起到了一定的促进作用。清光绪26年（1900年）慈禧太后挟光绪皇帝逃往西安途中路过潼关，观看了南街的芯子，给予了很高评价，对南街的芯子也有一定的推动。晚清时期，赵如海、程先登两位潼关的秀才出资购置器材、器具，策划增加活动内容，增加了社会日常生活方面的内容，积极支持南街芯子的发展。后来，名厨赵来炮、绅土杨贵彦、名医孟占元等潼关知名人士广开思路，丰富了内容，扩大了规模。 
　　 20世纪80年代后期，周玉峰等人在部分演艺人员的指导下，宣传动员南街村的广大文艺爱好者，重新组织起芯子队伍，使这一古老的文化艺术重新焕发青春。进入21世纪，在刘汶潼等人的组织下，潼关南街背芯子参加了多次重大演出，如人民大会堂“百花迎春”、中央电视台“欢乐中国行”等，使南街芯子名扬海内外。在2007年中国（西安·香港）道德经研讨会开幕式演出时，潼关南街背芯子用华阴老腔伴奏，演出效果很好。2008年，潼关南街背芯子还参加了北京奥运会开幕式表演。 
　　■特色 
　　刀尖上站人且能旋转自如 
　　 刘汶潼介绍，潼关南街芯子有背芯、抬芯和车芯之分，外出演出以背芯子为主，以其灵活见长。在场面演出时有仪仗队、秧歌、锣鼓等配合，以壮声威。南街背芯子通常在节日庆典及重大活动时表演，从规模大小和构造上分类造型，少则几人多则百人，以高、险、奇、巧、悬为特点，多是弘扬正气、鞭鞑丑恶，取材于历史不同时期的神话传说，如《打渔杀家》、《游西湖》、《天仙配》、《封神榜》等。从造型上说，芯子有刀尖上站人、算盘珠上立人、小笼鲜上愚人等形式，每组芯子都有3-5米之高，并且还能旋转自如。 
　　 “背芯子由于相对比较灵活，所以很快发展起来，”刘汶潼说，背芯子是由一个成年人在身上捆着的钢筋架上悬着几个3-5岁的孩子，一组背芯子由2到3人组成。在表演形式上，可用锣鼓伴奏，也可用音乐、口技伴奏。它的入场、出场和进退都有讲究，有双龙摆尾、二龙出水、走四方、四盏灯、小蝴蝶等队形，背芯子者舞步翩翩变化多端，小演员彩衣飘飘，令人流连忘返。 
　　■制约 
　　年轻人学习少且缺少戏本 
　　 刘汶潼表示，虽然这些年来，南街背芯子受到重视的程度越来越高，但是学习这门技艺的人却越来越少，尤其是年轻人学习的非常少。有些年轻人可能在见到表演背芯子后，也开始学习，但是技术还没有熟练，就不得不为生活而外出打工。还有一个就是背芯子表演所需的儿童现在也很难找了，因为家长们都希望自家孩子能好好学习，所以现在演出时只能找自家的孩子表演。 
　　 潼关南街背芯子是一项极具地方特色的民俗艺术，只是如今这个发端于民间的艺术形式，严重缺少市场化运作，艺人不能以此谋生，导致无法吸引年轻人学习。加之芯子表演并无戏本，人物刻画依托戏剧或传说，造成人们对芯子表达内容的不理解。此外，芯子表演缺少与时代同步的改进也是一大问题。 

来源：凤凰网

High risk Qiqiao folk dance

It has been widely circulated in many parts of China, but to say that the core of unique style should be the core of Tongguan South Street, which has important cultural value in Shaanxi and even in the whole country. In 2009, Tongguan South Street back core was selected for the second batch of intangible cultural heritage list in Shaanxi province.

- origin

There are 3 stories in the folk

According to Liu Wentong, the inheritor of the back mandrel of South Street in Tongguan, three kinds of legends have been handed down about the origin of Tongguan's back core.

The first is the sad and beautiful love story about Emperor Wu and Mrs. Li. The legend of love concubine Li, after the death of Emperor Wudi unhappy day, Secretary Li Shaoweng think of a way to let people make a scarecrow and Mrs. Lee put on clothes, the Scarecrow on his shoulders back and forth in the Han Dynasty before the Han Dynasty to look after Longyan, Acacia has been placed from now on, reorganize. This is the earliest saying about the back of the core.

Second - Legend of the Western Han Dynasty emperor Liu Heng's childhood by a maid to take care of, one day, Liu Heng crying, the maid with sycamore leaves cut out the figures, with branches at the top of the shoulders, with the sun in front of Liu Heng waved back and forth, and humming, and Liu Heng smile through tears. After listening to Liu Bang, "the Chinese concubine is playing the womb and cutting the Tung's shoulder." The rule of the world emperor Ping, making music into people's homes."

The third legends took place in the Tang Dynasty. Below is the Tongguan sea eyes, Tongguan wants to develop, must build a town on the tower was built in the sea sea eyes, held a grand celebration of the day, people came to watch. Some people in order to let the children see the show, the child on the shoulder and watch the top shelf in the head, what is more, made of wood special "wooden" let the children while standing in the fork on separate watch, after some people will be the "wooden" evolved into the iron core, and gradually formed. Back.

- Development

Take part in the opening ceremony of the 2008 Beijing Olympic Games

Liu Wentong said that the core has been developed in the Ming and Qing Dynasties. During the Yongle year (1403 AD), celebrations and condolences were frequent, which played a certain role in promoting the development of core. In the 26 years of Qing Guangxu (1900), Ci Xi, the Empress Dowager of Xi'an, fled to Tongguan on the way of Guangxu emperor and watched the core of South Street. He gave a high evaluation and promoted the core of South Street. In the late Qing Dynasty, Zhao Ruhai and Cheng Xian Deng's two Tongguan scholar contributed to purchase equipment and appliances, planned to increase activities content, increased social daily life content, and actively supported the development of South Street core. Later, chef Zhao Laipao, Yang Guiyan, Meng Zhanyuan and other famous gentleman celebrities in Tongguan open ideas, enrich the content, to expand the scale.

In the late 1980s, Zhou Yufeng and others, under the guidance of some entertainers, publicize and mobilize the literary fans in the South Street Village and reorganize the core team to revitalized the ancient culture and art. Entering the twenty-first Century, under the organization of Liu Wentong and others, Tongguan South Street back core has participated in many major performances, such as the Great Hall of the people "flowers in spring", CCTV's "Happy China line" and so on, so that the core of South Street is famous at home and abroad. In 2007 Chinese (Xi'an, Hongkong) moral seminar opening ceremony performances, Tongguan street, Huayin laoqiang back core with accompaniment, the effect is very good. In 2008, the back of the South Street of Tongguan also participated in the opening ceremony of the Beijing Olympic Games.

- features

The tip on the station and can rotate freely

Liu Wentong introduced, Tongguan South Street core has back core, core and car core, out of the performance with the core of the core, with its flexibility. A guard of honour, and in the scene with the drum yangko dance performances, with strong prestige. Back street core is usually performed in festivals and major events, from the size and structure of the classification model, ranging from a few to more than 100 people, with high risk, Qi Qiao, suspension characteristics, is promoting, whips the ugly, based on the history of different periods of myths and legends, such as "fish kill", "tour of West Lake", "angel matches", "Fengshenbang" etc.. The other said, the core has the tip of the station, on the abacus stand, Steamed Fresh fool's form, each core has 3-5 meters high, and can rotate freely.

"Back core is relatively flexible, so it soon developed," Liu Wentong said. The back core is hung by 3-5 adult children on a steel bar bound by an adult. A group of back core is made up of 2 to 3 people. In the form of performances, available percussion accompaniment, music accompaniment, ventriloquist is also available. The entry and exit and retreat are exquisite, Ssangyong fishtailing, Erlong water, go Quartet, four lights, small butterflies dance dancing back their core formation, be the most changeful actor, coat fluttering, liulianwangfan.

- restriction

Young people learn less and lack of play

Liu Wentong said that although the importance of the core of South Street has been getting higher and higher in recent years, fewer and fewer people have learned this skill, especially young people. Some young people may also start learning when they see the core of the performance, but the technology is not skilled, and they have to work out for life. Another is that the children needed for the core performance are hard to find now, because parents want their children to learn well, so now they can only perform their own children's performance.

The back core of Tongguan South Street is